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Psyvo is dedicated to funding scholarships and facilitating training for aspiring and professional counselors, ensuring access to ongoing professional development and continuing education.

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Professional Practice & Ethics

These refer to the standards and guidelines that govern the behavior and responsibilities of counselors in their professional roles.

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Practice Quiz

Challenge Yourself

Professional Practice & Ethics

This quiz aims to reinforce your understanding of ethical practices, ensuring you can navigate complex situations in your work while maintaining professional integrity.

True variance in test scores refers to

Variability due to extraneous factors

The portion of variance attributed to actual differences in the trait being measured

Variance attributed to measurement errors

The total variance in a set of test scores

The mode is

The value that appears most frequently in a dataset

The average of a dataset

The difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset

The middle value in a dataset

A researcher studying the effects of a new medication on depression would use a _______ to determine if the medication had a significant effect

Correlation coefficient

Descriptive statistic

Inferential statistic

T-score

Effective treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) often includes

Psychoanalysis only

Psychotropic medication and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Meditation and mindfulness only

Group therapy only

One-way ANOVA is used to determine differences between

Two or more independent variables

Two variables

Two or more dependent variables

Three or more groups on one variable

According to the ACA Code of Ethics, sexual contact with a former client may be unethical if it occurs within _____ years after the counseling relationship ends.

Standard Deviation is used to describe

The mean of all scores

Variability within a distribution of scores

The range of scores

Central tendency

An ex post facto research design

Is a type of experimental design

Uses experimental and control groups with random assignment

Manipulates independent variables

Examines variables after events have occurred

A researcher collects data from different age groups at one time to examine differences in political beliefs. This is an example of

Experimental research

Longitudinal research

Cross-sectional research

Qualitative research

A test developer divides a set of test questions in half and correlates the scores from each half to assess the test's consistency. This is a measure of

Test-retest reliability

Split-half reliability

Inter-rater reliability

Parallel-forms reliability

A student scoring in the 80th percentile on a cognitive ability test has scored higher than

100% of other students

80% of other students

None of the other students

20% of other students

If the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) is 1.00

There is a perfect positive correlation

The value of r ranges from -3.0 to 3.0

There is no correlation

There is a perfect negative correlation

In a malpractice claim, which of the following must be established?

A professional relationship existed

All of the above

There was a breach of duty

The client suffered injury

Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 bans

Racial discrimination in schools

Age discrimination in schools

Discrimination against students with disabilities

Sex discrimination in schools

In the Solomon four-group design

There is no treatment

Participants are divided into four groups to assess the impact of a pretest

Participants are divided into two groups

There is no pretest

In research, the conventional significance level of .05 means

The study results are 95% reliable

There is a 5% chance of accepting the null hypothesis in error

There is a 95% chance of rejecting the null hypothesis correctly

Researchers are willing to accept a 5% chance of rejecting the null hypothesis in error

A major limitation of non-experimental survey designs is

High cost of administration

Low response rates and potential difficulty generalizing findings

Difficulty in measuring attitudes

The time-consuming nature of data collection

A null hypothesis states

The control group will outperform the experimental group

There is no relationship between variables

There is a relationship between variables

The independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable

Inferential statistics are used to

Describe collected data

Calculate means and percentages

Measure the probability of an event occurring in the population

Describe standard deviations

In a long-term study, changes in participants' behavior due to aging or experience are threats to internal validity known as

Maturation

Statistical regression

Hawthorne effect

Testing effects

A counselor conducting group therapy is concerned that participants' self-evaluation scores improved because they knew they were being observed. This is an example of

Statistical regression

Maturation

Type II error

Hawthorne effect

A researcher's expectations about the outcome of a study unintentionally influence the results. This is an example of

The placebo effect

Longitudinal research

Lack of external validity

Experimenter bias

Statistical analysis can be

Neither descriptive nor inferential

Descriptive

Both descriptive and inferential

Inferential

A researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when there is a real difference between groups. This is a

Directional hypothesis

Type I error

Nondirectional hypothesis

Type II error

Researchers who use experimental designs typically want to determine

Qualitative data

Correlations between variables

Cause-and-effect relationships

Descriptions of phenomena

A question that uses a scale from "Strongly Agree" to "Strongly Disagree" is likely using a

Contract for safety

Likert scale

Double-blind technique

Trait-factor theory

Selecting entire classrooms to participate in a study is an example of

Random sampling

Cluster sampling

Convenience sampling

Stratified sampling

Which of the following is an example of nominal data?

Height

Age

Gender

Test scores

When a distribution of scores is symmetrical, the mean, median, and mode are

All different

All identical

The mean is highest

The mode is lowest

The ACA Code of Ethics is developed from

Legal judgments, opinions, and cultural values

Federal legislation

State licensing board regulations

Insurance company requirements

A client in a group session threatens to harm himself. The counselor should

Ignore the threat if the client does not have a specific plan

Maintain confidentiality at all costs

Rely on other group members to ensure the client's safety

Break confidentiality and take appropriate action to ensure the client's safety

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) is used to

Control for the effects of extraneous variables

Measure the correlation between variables

Determine cause-and-effect relationships

Analyze qualitative data

In research, intentionally misleading participants about the study's purpose is

A violation of ethical principles under all circumstances

Always unethical

Acceptable in any type of research

Justifiable only if there is no risk to participants and debriefing occurs afterward

HIPAA is

A law that protects the privacy of patient information

A type of research design

An ethical guideline for counselors

A theory of career development

Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) is used when

There are multiple independent variables

There are multiple dependent variables

Analyzing nominal data

There are two groups being compared

In group counseling, confidentiality is

Difficult to ensure, but important to emphasize

Easily assured

Only the responsibility of the counselor

Not important

The primary role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to

Design research methodologies

Analyze research data

Secure funding for research studies

Ensure the ethical conduct of research studies

The degree to which different observers score the same behavior in the same way is

Split-half reliability

Test-retest reliability

Inter-rater reliability

Parallel-forms reliability

Descriptive statistics aim to

Describe the data that is collected

Determine cause-and-effect relationships

Analyze qualitative data

Make generalizations about a population

In a study on caffeine and study habits, a researcher ensures that the proportion of female and male participants in the sample matches the proportion in the student body. This is an example of

Random sampling

Convenience sampling

Proportional stratified sampling

Cluster sampling

Interval data is characterized by

Data that is not normally distributed

Numbers representing categories

A constant and consistent unit of measurement

Ranks or ordered categories

A researcher observes that students who scored very low on a pretest tend to score closer to the average on a posttest. This phenomenon is known as

Maturation

Type II error

Hawthorne effect

Statistical regression

In a negatively skewed distribution

The tail on the right side is longer

The mode and median are higher than the mean

The mean is greater than the median and mode

Scores are evenly distributed along a bell curve

A student with a grade-equivalent score of 7 on an achievement test has

Exceeded expectations for their current grade

Mastered seventh-grade curriculum

Scored the same as an average seventh grader

Is prepared for eighth-grade material

Skills required for counseling program management include

Budgeting

Personnel management

All of the above

Strategic planning

Research that studies individual units in naturally occurring settings is

Qualitative research

Correlational research

Quantitative research

Experimental research

Factorial ANOVA is used to determine

The effect of one variable on multiple outcomes

Differences between three or more variables

Cause-and-effect relationships

Whether significant differences exist between two variables

A researcher wants to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables. The most appropriate research design would be

Qualitative research

Experimental research

Correlational research

Descriptive research

Statistical regression is most likely to occur when

Subjects are recruited for scoring very high or very low on certain measures

There is a large sample size

Participants are randomly assigned to groups

Using a true experimental design

Choosing a Vocation," a book that outlined the trait-factor theory of career development, was written by

Frank Parsons

B.F. Skinner

Carl Rogers

Abraham Maslow

The minimum recommended sample size for survey research is

500

100

Increased emphasis on short-term therapies is due to

Managed care and funding sources prioritizing affordability

Research demonstrating the superiority of short-term approaches

The effectiveness of brief interventions

Client preference for shorter treatment durations

Ecological validity refers to

The extent to which extraneous variables are controlled

The internal consistency of a measure

The accuracy of statistical analyses

The degree to which a study can be generalized to another setting

A counselor conducting a needs assessment for a program insists on using random sampling to ensure

Efficiency

Ease of data collection

Cost-effectiveness

Validity

An age-equivalent score on an achievement test indicates

The student's IQ score

The grade level of the student

That a student has answered the same number of items correctly as an average student of that age

The percentile ranking of the student

A pretest is used to

Both A and B

Measure baseline characteristics of participants

Determine the effect of the treatment

Establish control groups

A researcher's expectations about the outcome of a study unintentionally influence the results. This is an example of

The placebo effect

Longitudinal research

Experimenter bias

Lack of external validity

Inductive research

Tests established theories

Is synonymous with deductive research

Focuses on relationships between elements of a theory

Begins at the practical level and adds to developing theories

A z-score of 0 means

The raw score is equal to the mean

The raw score is below the mean

The raw score is at the highest possible value

The raw score is one standard deviation above the mean

The Tarasoff case (1976) established

The counselor's duty to warn

The right of clients to access their records

Guidelines for group counseling confidentiality

The importance of informed consent

Internal validity in research refers to

The generalizability of study results

The extent to which a study demonstrates a causal relationship between variables

The absence of a control group

The use of qualitative research methods

In research, the alternative hypothesis is

The hypothesis that the researcher tries to disprove

The hypothesis that there is no relationship between variables

The same as the null hypothesis

The hypothesis that predicts a relationship between variables

Social justice counseling addresses

Unearned privilege and oppression

All of the above

Balance of power and resources

Issues of unequal power

Mixed-method research designs involve

Using only quantitative research methods

Using only qualitative research methods

Primarily non-interactive research

Utilizing both quantitative and qualitative research approaches

A reliability coefficient of .70 or higher indicates

Acceptable reliability

Low reliability

Moderate reliability

Perfect reliability

Requirements to become a National Certified Counselor (NCC) include

A bachelor's degree in counseling

Passing the state licensing exam

3,000 hours of post-graduate work experience

Completion of a doctoral degree

Inferential statistics are used to

Calculate means and percentages

Measure the probability of an event occurring in the population

Describe collected data

Describe standard deviations

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections is known as

Placebo effect

Compassion fatigue

Experimenter bias

Neuroplasticity

A true experimental design uses

Only control groups

Experimental and control groups without random assignment

Only experimental groups

Experimental and control groups with random assignment

To maintain NCC certification, counselors must obtain at least _____ continuing education hours every five years.

100

125

A t-test is used to determine

The correlation between two variables

Whether the mean scores of two groups are significantly different

The variance within a distribution of scores

Differences between three or more groups

In a true experimental design

There are no control groups

Participants are not randomly assigned

Researchers do not manipulate any variables

Participants are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups

As of 2015, physician-assisted suicide was legally permitted in

Oregon only

California, New York, and Florida

Five states

All 50 states

The organization that accredits master's and doctoral counselor training programs is

CACREP

NASP

ACA

NBCC

A key characteristic of qualitative research is that it

Assumes there is one objective reality

Gathers finite data based on structured research designs

Uses statistical methods to compare results

Gathers information about naturally occurring events

A counselor is working with a client from a collectivist culture. The counselor should be aware that the client may

Not value family and community

Have the same understanding of confidentiality as someone from an individualistic culture

Value the group's interests over the individual's interests

Prioritize individual needs over group needs

The ACA definition of counseling includes the empowerment of

All of the above

Diverse individuals

Families

Groups

MANOVA is used when there are

Multiple control groups

No independent variables

Two or more dependent variables

Two or more independent variables

Group informed consent should include

What group members can expect from the group as a whole

What group members can expect from the counselor

All of the above

The rights and expectations of group members

Variance is

The square root of the standard deviation

The degree to which scores are different from each other

A type of correlation coefficient

A measure of central tendency

When writing a professional research manuscript, one should

Use sexist language

Follow the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Submit the manuscript to multiple journals simultaneously

Disregard ethical guidelines

A counselor experiencing loss of interest in client concerns, boredom, and lack of empathy may be experiencing

Countertransference

Vicarious trauma

Burnout

Compassion fatigue

The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations is known as

External validity

Internal validity

The placebo effect

Experimenter bias

The Spearman-Brown formula is used to estimate

The reliability of a test if it had not been divided

Test-retest reliability

Parallel forms reliability

Inter-rater reliability

In a research study, neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group. This is an example of

Placebo effect

Double-blind study

Longitudinal research

Informed consent

The National Defense Education Act (1958) included funding for

School lunch programs

Construction of new schools

Training of guidance counselors and standardized testing

Teacher training in math and science

Counselors are mandated to report

Client dissatisfaction

All client disclosures

Colleague incompetence

Suspected child abuse and neglect

In a normal distribution curve

68% of scores comprise three standard deviations from the mean

approximately 68% of the scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% fall within two standard deviations, and 99.7% fall within three standard deviations

99% of scores comprise two standard deviations from the mean

95% of scores include four standard deviations

Parametric statistical measures are appropriately used when

Data is not normally distributed

Using non-descriptive data

Samples are randomly drawn, and results are distributed along a normal curve

Variances are inconsistent

A hypothesis that predicts that one group will score higher than another is a

Nondirectional hypothesis

Null hypothesis

Directional hypothesis

Alternative hypothesis

Non-experimental survey designs are characterized by

The ability to determine cause-and-effect relationships

Methods that measure attitudes and behaviors

Gathering data through observation and researcher judgment

The use of experimental and control groups

Informed consent in counseling is primarily intended to

Allow the counselor to share client information with whomever they deem necessary

Ensure the counselor is protected from liability

Provide the client with information about the counseling process and ensure mutual understanding

Guarantee the success of the counseling process

In a research study, neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group. This is an example of

Placebo effect

Longitudinal research

Double-blind study

Informed consent

In a study on the effect of different treatments on traumatic brain injuries, the type of treatment is the _______ variable.

Control

Independent

Dependent

Confounding

Your score is

The average score is 48%

Exit

Anonymous feedback

Core Counseling Attributes

These are the essential personal qualities and skills that an effective counselor possesses, such as empathy, respect, and good communication.

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Practice Quiz

Challenge Yourself

Core Counseling Attributes

This quiz is designed to assess and enhance your knowledge of essential ethical practices and reinforce your understanding of key principles to navigate complex situations you may encounter.

According to the text, what is the most important factor in determining whether counseling will be successful?

The counselor's level of education

The client's willingness to change

The relationship between counselor and client

The counselor's theoretical orientation

What is the primary purpose of program accountability?

To provide supervision for counselors

To justify counselors’ activities to populations served and funding sources

To ensure counselors are held accountable for their financial decisions

To increase counselors' skills

What is permissive parenting?

A style with strict rules and expectations

A style that results in obedient children

A style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness

A style that can lead to issues with self-discipline and authority

What is the purpose of hospitalization in the context of suicide risk?

To provide a safe environment and professional support for individuals who are at high risk of harming themselves

To scare the individual from attempting suicide

To isolate the individual from their support system

To punish the individual for their thoughts

Under what circumstances might a counselor ethically consider engaging in a therapeutic relationship with a client they know in another role?

If the counselor feels confident in their ability to remain objective

Under no circumstances is this considered ethical

Only if the client is willing to pay a higher fee

When there are unavoidable logistics such as location, accessibility, or insurance requirements

What is the final stage, integrative awareness, in the racial identity development model?

Intense emotions

Self-appreciation

Appreciation of both the dominant and minority cultures

Rejection of the minority culture

What was the main focus of William Masters and Virginia Johnson's theory of sex therapy?

Implementing strategies to change the self-evaluation taking place

Encouraging critical self-evaluation of sexual performance

Ignoring psychological factors in sexual dysfunction

Prescribing medication for sexual problems

What is an emic worldview?

Applying the same strategies across all client populations

A global understanding of humanity

The perspective that universal principles can be applied across all cultures

Looking at the culture from the inside

Carl Rogers is known for his emphasis on

Empathy, respect, and genuineness

Cognitive restructuring

Behavioral techniques

Family systems theory

When invited to a client's ceremony, a counselor should

Accept if the client's motives are clear and positive

Always decline to avoid boundary issues

Attend without discussing it with the client if they feel it will enhance the relationship

Invite the client to discuss the invitation and weigh the potential impact on the therapeutic relationship

What does the humanistic perspective emphasize?

The negative aspects of human behavior

The influence of the unconscious mind

The importance of external rewards and punishments

Individual potential and self-actualization

What does "gender-sensitive" refer to in family therapy?

Ignoring gender differences to provide equal treatment

Treating all family members the same, regardless of gender

Focusing primarily on the needs of women in therapy

The awareness and consideration of the different needs, experiences, and perspectives of individuals based on their gender

What is acculturation?

Maintaining strict adherence to one's traditional culture

The complete absorption into a dominant culture

The process by which individuals adopt certain values, customs, or behaviors of a dominant culture, while still retaining aspects of their original culture

The rejection of the dominant culture

What is the purpose of assertiveness training?

To justify one's actions in relation to others' behaviors

To teach individuals to undermine others' rights

To suppress the expression of negative emotions

To help individuals learn how to express their opinions and feelings without being aggressive

What are class-bound values in counseling?

Values that promote flexible session lengths

An unstructured approach to problems

Characteristics influenced by social class norms

Values that emphasize cultural diversity

What is differentiation of self?

The ability to completely detach from one's family and social groups

The ability to maintain one's beliefs and emotional independence while still being connected to one's family and social groups

The process of emotional cutoff

The act of conforming to family and social expectations

What does attachment refer to?

The emotional bond between a child and their caregiver

The influence of media on a child’s development

The disciplinary methods parents use on their children

A child’s cognitive development

What kind of attachment can result from inconsistent or neglectful parenting?

Permissive attachment

Authoritarian attachment

Secure attachment

Insecure attachment

What is cultural encapsulation?

The ability to understand and appreciate diverse viewpoints

The act of stereotyping people from different backgrounds

A narrow viewpoints and refusal to recognize other cultural norms and values

An open-minded approach to counseling

Which of the following is NOT a form of child maltreatment?

Physical abuse

Psychological abuse

Neglect

Emotional support

What is a common characteristic of men in counseling, according to the text?

They are less goal-oriented than women

They are more likely to express emotions

They are focused on cognitive processes

They readily seek out counseling

Which of the following is a common factor associated with suicide?

Mental disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder

Increased social interaction

Engaging in reckless behavior

Feelings of hopefulness

The racial/cultural identity development model describes

The stages individuals from minority cultures go through in developing their racial or cultural identity

The stages of cognitive development

Career development stages

Personality development

Which of the following is a component of feminist psychology?

Ignoring sociocultural influences on clients

Viewing clients as lacking expertise on themselves

Belief that gender is not central to the therapeutic process

Emphasis on empowering women

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross is known for her research on

Personality types

Attachment theory

The five stages of grief

Cognitive development

How do men typically address their problems in counseling?

Using emotional processes

Using cognitive processes

They are less goal-oriented than women

They are more likely to seek counseling than women

What does “white privilege” refer to?

The advantages and entitlements experienced by white individuals, often dismissed as typical

The idea that white people are inherently superior

The perception that all white individuals have an easy life

A sociological theory with no real-world evidence

What does cultural pluralism refer to?

The idea that one culture is superior to others

The process of assimilating into the dominant culture

The belief that all cultures are the same

Large categories of people who may have special needs or concerns

What is an etic worldview?

Emphasizing the unique aspects of a specific culture

The belief that there is a global understanding of humanity that can be applied to all individuals

Tailoring strategies to fit cultural contexts

Understanding a culture from the inside

According to the social influence model, what influences the client's willingness to engage and change?

The client's cultural background

The client's socioeconomic status

The counselor's theoretical orientation

The counselor's perceived expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness

What is congruence in counseling?

The discomfort from holding inconsistent beliefs

The counselor pointing out discrepancies

Repeating the client's words

The counselor's authenticity and genuineness in communication

What is ageism?

Prejudice against non-natives in a country

Prejudice against someone based on their race

Prejudice against someone based on their age

Prejudice against someone based on their socioeconomic status

What is nationalism?

Prejudice against someone based on their age

Prejudice against someone with handicaps or disabilities

Prejudice against non-natives in a country

Prejudice against an individual based on socioeconomic status

What is the main focus of family therapy?

Individual psychological issues

Career counseling for family members

Improving communication and resolving conflicts within a family unit

Treating mental illness in one family member

What is the purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?

To segregate children with disabilities from other students

To provide funding for private schools

To give protection to children with disabilities in the public school system

To limit educational opportunities for children with disabilities

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross is known for her work on

The five stages of grief

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Attachment theory

Psychoanalysis

Which of the following is considered a test of career interest?

All of the above

Self Directed Search (SDS)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Minnesota Importance Questionnaire

What does the term "multicultural clients" refer to?

Individuals who are accepting of all cultures

Individuals who have traveled to many different countries

Individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds, whose values, beliefs, and worldviews may differ significantly from the dominant culture

Individuals who speak multiple languages

What is authoritarian parenting?

A style that leads to high self-esteem and social skills

A style marked by low demands and high responsiveness

A style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness

A style where parents are indulgent and lenient

What does ethnicity refer to?

A sociopolitical hierarchy

An individual’s skin color

The social construction based on perceived physical traits

The language, practices, and beliefs of a group of people

What does paralanguage refer to?

Vocal cues such as inflections, tones of voice, silences, and hesitations

Written communication

The content of verbal discussions

Body language and nonverbal cues

What does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) require?

That children with disabilities who attend private schools are not eligible for special education services

That all children between three and 21 be given private education

That children with handicaps be placed in the most restrictive environments

That children with handicaps attending public school must be given an IEP (Individualized Education Program)

What does restatement involve?

Pointing out discrepancies in the client's narrative

The counselor's authenticity and genuineness

Emphasizing the client's emotional experience

Repeating back the client's words, emphasizing the cognitive content

What is reflection in counseling?

Challenging the client's beliefs

Mirroring the client's statements, focusing on emotional and affective aspects

Repeating back the client's words, emphasizing cognitive content

Providing direct advice to the client

At what age do most children develop a sense of being male or female?

By age 10

By age 5

During adolescence

By age 3

When counseling clients from other cultures, counselors should

Focus solely on the client's individual issues

Avoid asking questions about the client's family

Not make assumptions and ask questions to understand the client's beliefs and values

Assume the client's beliefs and values are similar to their own

In group counseling, when a member exhibits negative behavior, the counselor should

Immediately remove the member from the group

Nonjudgmentally invite the group member to share his or her thoughts with the group

Ignore the behavior to avoid confrontation

Publicly criticize the member's behavior

In the racial identity development model, what is the first stage, conformity, characterized by?

Rejection of the majority

Conflict between appreciation and depreciation of self

Identification with the majority

Acceptance of the minority views

What does "actively suicidal" describe?

An individual who is currently experiencing suicidal thoughts and has a plan or intent to carry out self-harm

An individual who has attempted suicide in the past

An individual who has considered suicide in the past

An individual who is at risk of harming others

What is the second stage, dissonance, in the racial identity development model?

When the individual's self-concept is challenged

Identification with the majority

Appreciation of both dominant and minority cultures

Accepting the minority views

What is confrontation in counseling?

A technique where the counselor points out discrepancies

The alignment between a client's beliefs and behaviors

The counselor's genuineness

Repeating back the client's words

In feminist therapy, maladaptive symptoms are often seen as

Signs of weakness

Untreatable mental disorders

The client's fault

Types of survival strategies

What is self-actualization?

The process of conforming to societal expectations

The state of having all one's needs met

A focus on basic survival needs

The process of realizing and fulfilling one's talents and potentialities

What is emotional cutoff?

A healthy way of resolving family conflict

Managing unresolved emotional issues by reducing or eliminating contact with family members

The ability to express emotions freely within a family

The process of openly communicating with family members

In a risk assessment, what does "imminent danger" indicate?

A long-term risk of self-harm

An immediate and serious threat to an individual's safety or life

A client's history of suicidal ideation

A potential threat to others

In the racial/cultural identity development model, which stage is characterized by confusion and conflict as individuals begin to question the dominant culture's values?

Dissonance

Integrative awareness

Resistance and immersion

Conformity

What does genuineness refer to in the context of counseling?

The counselor's ability to provide concrete advice and solutions

The counselor's ability to manipulate the client

The counselor's professional demeanor and distance from the client

The counselor's authentic and transparent interaction with the client, ensuring that the counselor is sincere and congruent in their responses

Robert Carkhuff is known for his work on

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Psychoanalysis

Family systems theory

Empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A positive belief in one's abilities

When expectations lead to behaviors that confirm those expectations

An individual's internal motivation

A prediction that comes true by chance

What is assimilation?

The coexistence of multiple cultures in a society

The celebration of one's cultural heritage

The phenomenon of a person losing their own original values and behaviors due to being absorbed into the dominant group

The process of adopting certain values and behaviors of a dominant culture while retaining one's own culture

In Carkhuff's five-point scale for rating counselor responses, what characterizes a Level 1 response?

Subtracting from the client's affect

Not attending to the client's affect at all

Being interchangeable with the client's affect and content

Adding significantly to the client's affect and meaning

What do culture-bound values in counseling refer to?

Adherence to a 50-minute session

Norms shaped by cultural influences, such as communication patterns and emotional expressiveness

Values that are universal across all cultures

The degree to which a client identifies with their family system

The three key elements in building a helping relationship are

Competence, power, and intimacy

Genuineness, social influence, and skills

Empathy, respect, and genuineness

Skills, theory, and social influence

The primary purpose of an intake session is to

Establish a social relationship with the client

Provide immediate therapeutic intervention

Determine the client's financial resources

Gather information about the client's history, current issues, and goals for therapy

According to the text, what is a characteristic of depression?

A desire to engage in social activities

Increased energy and motivation

Feelings of joy and excitement

Persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities

What is prejudice?

The act of empowering individuals

A preconceived judgment or opinion without sufficient knowledge

A judgment based on sufficient knowledge

Always a negative phenomenon

According to Fred J. Hanna and Betty Cardona, what should counselors focus on when working cross-culturally?

Encouraging the client to assimilate to the dominant culture

Avoiding discussions about pain and anger

Freeing the client from ongoing oppression

Ignoring the client's cultural background

What is gender identity?

The biological sex assigned at birth

A fixed concept that cannot change over time

Social roles and expectations based on sex

A personal conception of oneself as male, female, a blend of both, or neither

According to the text, what should family counselors do regarding gender roles?

Identify the strengths and needs of both men and women and help the family analyze their own beliefs about gender roles

Prioritize the traditional roles of men and women in families

Avoid discussing gender roles to prevent conflict

Impose their own beliefs about gender roles on the family

What are disciplinary styles?

The emotional bond between a child and caregiver

A child’s social development

Methods parents use to manage their children’s behavior

The influence of peers on a child’s development

What is a criticism of Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief?

The stages do not take into consideration that feelings can be recurring

It does not include acceptance

Most people move chronologically through the stages

The stages adequately represent the complexity of the dying person's feelings

What is the helping relationship?

The professional bond between counselor and client, characterized by empathy, respect, and genuineness, which facilitates personal growth and problem-solving for the client

The power dynamic between counselor and client

A short-term intervention focused on immediate crisis resolution

A social connection between counselor and client

What do worldviews define?

An individual's physical appearance

How individuals perceive their relationships with others, institutions, objects, and the environment

Economic status

Political affiliations

What is "familism"?

A counseling approach that emphasizes self-actualization

A cultural value that discourages family loyalty

The degree to which a client identifies with their family system

A focus on individual achievement

Why should counselors pay attention to their clients' nonverbal messages?

Nonverbal messages should be ignored

Nonverbal cues are never an indicator of lying

Nonverbal communication often communicates messages more clearly than verbal communication

Verbal communication is always more important

Your score is

The average score is 33%

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Intake, Assessment & Diagnosis

These refers to the initial process that a mental health professional uses to gather important information from a client seeking counseling services.

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Practice Quiz

Challenge Yourself

Intake, Assessment & Diagnosis

This quiz typically evaluates your knowledge and skills related to the initial client intake process. It covers familiarity with the steps involved in gathering a client's background information, presenting concerns, and relevant history. Diagnostic criteria and how to accurately apply these during assessments.

Which of the following is an example of an objective assessment?

A biopsychosocial history

A counselor's observation of a client's facial expressions

Rating pain on a scale of 1 to 5

The MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

According to Luft and Ingham, what can keep information unknown in the Johari Window?

Physical health

Intelligence

Personality traits

Customs, social training, and fears

If a test has an SEM of 4 and a student scores 82, the range in which the true score likely falls is

82-86

86-90

78-86

74-82

Unobtrusive measurement involves

Administering standardized tests

Conducting interviews

Clients being aware of data collection

Reviewing a client's existing records

A mental status exam provides

An evaluation of brain dysfunction

A snapshot of a person's current functioning

A prediction of future behavior

A comprehensive history of a client's life

Which of the following is NOT a personality disorder?

Histrionic personality disorder

Bipolar disorder

Schizoid personality disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder

Formative evaluation is used to

Study a process while it is underway

Diagnose personality disorders

Administer IQ tests

Judge the final outcome of a program

Which of the following is an example of an assessment resource for counselors?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

The ICD-10

The Mental Measurements Yearbook

Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)

A summative evaluation is typically done

On an individual client basis

When a process has finished

While a process is underway

At the beginning of a process

Achievement tests are designed to measure

Personality traits

Fluid intelligence

A person's capacity to learn

A person's set of experiences and learning

Gerald D. Bergan's behavioral model of consultation includes the following stages

Problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, and problem evaluation

Diagnosis, intervention, termination

Relationship building, goal setting, evaluation

Assessment, planning, action

Somatic symptom disorders are characterized by

Physical symptoms with demonstrable medical evidence

Physical complaints with little to no demonstrable physical evidence

Deliberately faked physical symptoms

A focus on the fear of acquiring a serious disease

Which of the following statements BEST differentiates between validity and reliability?

A test cannot be reliable unless it is valid

Validity indicates if a test measures what it's supposed to, while reliability indicates the consistency of a test

Validity indicates the consistency of a test, while reliability indicates if the test measures what it's supposed to

A test cannot be valid unless it is reliable

Sociometry is used to

Diagnose mental disorders

Assess individual personality traits

Measure and analyze social relationships within a group

Evaluate cognitive abilities

What percentage of individuals diagnosed with anorexia or bulimia are female?

90%

95%

70%

50%

Narrative therapy is based on the idea that

Clients should focus on changing their behavior

Clients' problems are caused by unconscious conflicts

The therapist is the expert on the client's life

Clients' realities are based on their own words and stories

The Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) indicates

The amount of error in a test score

The test's validity

The test's reliability

The client's true score

Emotional intelligence, as proposed by Daniel Goleman, involves

Primarily assessing others' emotions

Ignoring one's own emotions

Reasoning about self and others based on emotional awareness and empathy

Only cognitive ability

Research suggests that an individual's substance use affects up to how many other people?

Six

Two

Eight

Four

Adaptive functioning refers to

Emotional regulation and expression

An individual's IQ score

Physical coordination and motor skills

The ability to cope with life demands and meet personal independence standards

Differential diagnosis involves

Identifying a condition from a set of possible alternatives

Using only subjective information

Ignoring the DSM-5

Focusing on a single diagnosis

Personality tests like the Rorschach and MMPI-2 are designed to

Predict suicidal behavior

Differentiate functional from pathological personality

Assess situational factors

Measure intelligence

Low levels of dopamine are implicated in

Schizophrenia

Parkinson's disease

Depression

Anxiety disorders

A diagnosis of intellectual disability requires considering both

Social skills and communication abilities

IQ scores and physical health

Adaptive functioning and social skills

IQ scores and adaptive functioning

When forming a diagnosis, a provider should

Rule out physical causes first

Prioritize diagnosing psychosis or mania

Immediately rule out mental health causes

Disregard any potential physical contributors

A biopsychosocial assessment includes information about

Biological, psychological, and social factors

Primarily a patient’s role in various systems

Only psychological factors

Only biological and medical factors

The term "sensorium" refers to

An individual's orientation and awareness of surroundings, time, place, and identity

A client's physical health

A client's emotional state

The ability to form social relationships

An aptitude test is designed to measure

Interest

Behavior

Accomplishment

Ability

A semantic differential scale is used to measure

Personality traits

Intelligence

Physical abilities

Attitudes and perceptions

The concept of social desirability in research refers to

The influence of the researcher's social status on the participants

The researcher's bias in interpreting data

The participant's desire to please the researcher

The tendency for participants to respond in ways they think are socially acceptable

Reality therapy, developed by William Glasser, does NOT emphasize

Formal mental health diagnoses

Present behavior

Personal responsibility

Practical problem-solving

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is characterized by

Severe and recurrent temper outbursts disproportionate to the situation

Persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest

Significant mood disturbances during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

Alternating episodes of mania and depression

The DSM-5 classifies disorders

In sections based on similarities between disorders

Alphabetically

By severity

Chronologically

Caplan's consultation model is a framework for

Group therapy

Individual therapy

Crisis intervention

Mental health professionals collaborating on client issues

Schizophreniform disorder is best described as

A mood disorder with psychotic features

A type of personality disorder

A short-duration form of schizophrenia

A long-lasting form of schizophrenia

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) primarily affect

Serotonin

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

GABA

The Johari Window is used to explore

Information not known to the client and/or not known to others

Unconscious desires

Family dynamics

Information known only to others

Before using and interpreting test scores, counselors should

Receive training in test theory and study the test manual

Focus primarily on formative evaluations

Assume all IQ tests have substantial reliability and validity

Immediately discuss the scores with the client

In the treatment of dissociative disorders, the priority is

Administering medication

Confronting the individual with their inconsistencies

Addressing past trauma immediately

Establishing a safe and stable environment

Dissociative disorders are characterized by

Inflated self-esteem and grandiosity

A disconnection of typical connections, such as memory, self-concept, behavior, and even motor control

An excessive preoccupation with cleanliness

Patterns of unstable interpersonal relationships

The Rorschach test is an example of a/an

Achievement test

Unstructured test

Structured test

Intelligence test

Charles Spearman is known for

The Johari Window

His theories on personality development

Bringing statistical analysis to testing

Developing the Rorschach test

V Codes in the DSM-5 are used to document

Mental disorders

Personality traits

Physical illnesses.

Contextual factors affecting a client's mental health.

Which of the following is true regarding neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive disorders?

They are primarily factitious disorders

They are treated solely with counseling and therapy

They are always diagnosed by a counselor

A medical professional is often needed in the diagnostic process

Seeking back pain medication is more characteristic of

Malingering

Substance use disorder

Anorexia

Somatic symptom disorder

Which type of validity is demonstrated when a college entrance exam accurately predicts a student's future academic performance?

Concurrent validity

Content validity

Predictive validity

Construct validity

Which statement is true about diagnoses?

Diagnoses are permanent and should not be changed

Diagnoses are solely the responsibility of medical professionals

Diagnoses are only based on the DSM-5

Diagnoses can be modified when new information warrants it

In the DSM-5, the section on bipolar and related disorders focuses on

Changes in energy and activity, specifically mania and hypomania

Disruptions in identity and memory

Patterns of disregard for others and violation of social norms

Obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors

What is the purpose of a sociogram in a group setting?

To assess individual intelligence

To diagnose mental disorders

To map out relationships and social dynamics within the group

To determine career paths for group members

Kinesics refers to

The study of spatial relationships

A type of objective assessment

Facial expressions and body movements

The measurement of social groups

David Wechsler's intelligence tests focus on

Only performance skills

Both fluid and crystallized intelligence

Only verbal skills

Emotional intelligence

Arthur Jensen's work focused on

Unobtrusive measurement techniques

The development of aptitude tests

The g factor and the role of genetics in intelligence

The impact of social factors on intelligence

Common factors among people diagnosed with substance use issues include

Increased social engagement

Suicidal impulses

High self-esteem

Low anxiety

Appraisal, in the context of assessment, refers to

Making judgments about human attributes and behaviors

Avoiding all biases

Only quantitative measurements

The client's self-evaluation

Which of the following is an example of an occupational test?

The Self-Directed Search

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

The Rorschach Inkblot Test

Dissociative Identity Disorder was formerly known as

Schizoaffective Disorder

Multiple Personality Disorder

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Convergent validation refers to

A test measuring multiple constructs

The test's ability to predict future behavior

The test's appearance of validity

A high correlation between the test and other measures of the same construct

Compared to individual counseling, family counseling is typically

Focused on past issues

Shorter in duration

Longer in duration

Less focused on current problems

The key difference between paraphilia and paraphiliac disorder is

Atypicality vs. normality

Intensity of sexual ideation

Presence of harm or distress

Frequency of behavior

In the DSM-5, substance-related disorders are classified based on

Specific drug types

The client's worldvieW

Presence of abuse or dependence

Severity of symptoms

A dimensional assessment in diagnosis involves

A continuum of presenting symptoms

Categorical descriptions of disorders

Focusing solely on past trauma

Concluding the assessment at the end of an episode of care

The Rorschach test is an example of a

Intelligence test

Projective test

Neuropsychological assessment

Achievement test

In a counseling session, a counselor observing facial expression and body movement is an example of attending to

Kinesics

Subjective assessment

Objective assessment

Proxemics

Aptitude tests are used to

Predict future performance

Measure social group structures

Measure the effects of learning

Measure personality traits

Stanine scales

Consist of ten points

Have a mean of five and a standard deviation of two

Are used to measure personality traits

Can range from zero to ten

A client's percentile rank on an assessment indicates

The percentage of people in the norm group that the client scored above

The client's raw score on the test

The client's potential for career success

The number of questions the client answered correctly

A sociogram is a

Type of personality test

Method of individual counseling

Statistical analysis

Visual tool to illustrate group interrelationships

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) measures

Achievement

Aptitude

Cognitive ability

Personality

Which of the following is true regarding anxiety disorders according to the DSM-5?

They solely present with psychological symptoms

They are classified within the disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders section

They can include physical symptoms such as heart palpitations and sweating

They always include agoraphobia

Neuropsychological assessments primarily deal with

Career interests

Brain dysfunction and related abilities

Personality functioning

Academic achievement

Which of the following is NOT a typical behavioral symptom of binge eating disorder?

Lack of established meal times

Eating alone

Stockpiling food

Purging

According to the ACA ethical standards, a counselor

Must always adhere to state law regarding diagnosis, regardless of potential harm

Can choose not to make a diagnosis if they believe it will cause harm to the client

Should prioritize the counselor's judgment over the client's well-being when making a diagnosis

Is required to provide a diagnosis in all situations

Crystallized intelligence refers to

The capacity for abstract reasoning

The ability to solve novel problems

The speed of processing information

Knowledge and skills acquired through experience

Which of the following is classified as a neurocognitive disorder?

Depersonalization

Delirium

Derealization

Identity confusion

In research, a behavioral flow sheet is an example of

An observation technique

An intelligence test

A personality test

A survey scale

In the DSM-5, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are classified

In their own section

As anxiety disorders

As psychotic disorders

As depressive disorders

The primary diagnostic feature of somatic symptom disorder is

The client's medical history

The presence of a diagnosed medical condition

Excessive focus and thoughts about the symptom

The severity of the reported symptom

The coefficient of nondetermination represents

The total variance in test scores

The shared variance between two variables

The error variance

The unique variance not explained by the correlation

In a family counseling session, a counselor observing seating arrangements is an example of attending to

Proxemics

Kinesics

Subjective assessment

Objective assessment

Case conceptualization is

A clinical hypothesis based on assessment data

The same as appraisal

A type of summative evaluation

A formal diagnosis

The primary goal of consultation is

To solve immediate crises

To provide therapy to clients

To focus on past issues

To increase competence and prevent future problems

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on the work of

B.F. Skinner

Sigmund Freud

Carl Jung

Albert Bandura

A neuropsychological assessment is designed to study

Social group dynamics

Personality traits

Educational knowledge

Possible brain dysfunction

In the DSM-5, delirium is classified under

Depressive disorders

Neurocognitive disorders

Anxiety disorders

Substance-related disorders

Which of the following is classified as a depressive disorder in the DSM-5?

Cyclothymia

Schizoaffective Disorder

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

Your score is

The average score is 0%

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Treatment Planning

This involves creating a detailed plan for how to help the client based on what was learned during the assessment. It outlines the goals and methods to be used in counseling sessions.

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Practice Quiz

Challenge Yourself

Treatment Planning

This quiz assesses knowledge and understanding of the processes involved in creating effective patient treatment plans. It covers topics such as patient assessment, goal setting, therapeutic strategies, and evaluation of treatment outcomes.

Which of the following is NOT one of the ethical decision-making principles?

Nonmaleficence

Maleficence

Autonomy

Beneficence

The concept of differential sensitivity suggests that

Different people can have diverse experiences with the same phenomenon

Individuals from minority cultures seek out services more often

The most significant factor in counseling is the counselor's experience

All individuals react the same way to pharmaceutical drugs

Structuring in counseling involves

Prescribing medication

Diagnosing mental disorders

Defining the framework of the counseling relationship

Analyzing life scripts

EMDR is a therapeutic technique used to

Help clients regulate their emotions and thoughts

Assist clients in finding solutions in the present time

Help clients access painful and traumatic memories

Teach clients to be present in the moment

Which of the following is a warning sign of suicide?

History of drug or alcohol abuse

Improved communication skills

Increased self-awareness

Development of multicultural skills

The current consensus on integrating spirituality into counseling is that

It is irrelevant to the client's presenting issues

It should be avoided due to ethical concerns

The client should drive this part of the counseling conversation

The counselor should always initiate the discussion

A needs assessment is

A legal process for involuntary commitment

A form of cognitive therapy

A system to reinforce desired behaviors

An element of program planning

The purpose of a transfer plan is to

Outline client goals

Ensure continuity of care if a therapist is unable to provide services

Determine payment for services

Establish privileged communication

TRICARE is

A mandated reporting law

A government agency

A type of therapy

A health insurance provider for the military

Culturally relevant treatment planning is important because

Medication is always the most effective treatment

All clients express their needs in the same way

About 50% of ethnic minorities quit counseling after one session

It is not necessary for dominant treatment providers

When creating treatment plans, counselors must consider

Primarily the cost of treatment

Only the client's diagnosis

Ignoring cultural background

Client specifics and counselor orientation

Managed care firms and insurance entities tend to advocate for ____ as the first line of treatment

Mindfulness

Medication

Therapy

Health counseling

Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) emphasizes

Analyzing past problems

Long-term treatment plans

Exploring one's hopes for the future

The counselor's interpretation of the client's issues

Which type of group is designed for individuals with more serious types of pathology, such as severe depression or psychosis?

Support groups

Tertiary groups

Primary groups

Secondary groups

The Affordable Care Act of 2010 mandates that

The cost of health insurance will increase

Insurance companies can set different terms for mental health conditions

Mental health services are to be treated the same as medical services

Mental health services are treated differently than medical services

A treatment plan is meant to

Focus on what happens after the episode of care

Replace the need for diagnosis

Provide a therapeutic roadmap to address a patient's needs

Dictate a client's entire life

Group psychotherapy is most often seen in

Shorter-term interventions

Family therapy sessions

Private practice offices

Institutional settings such as mental hospitals

Which of the following is an ethical concern in cybercounseling?

Records maintenance

The possibility of impostors

All of the above

Security of communications

A token economy is designed to

Assess client needs

Treat somatic symptom disorders

Treat depression

Shape behavior around desired goals

Which of the following is NOT a specialty counselor certification granted by the NBCC?

Career counseling

Mental health counseling

School counseling

Addiction counseling

Which type of therapy is often a key component in the treatment of eating and feeding disorders?

Behavior therapy

Rogerian counseling

Adlerian counseling

Family counseling

Civil commitment law is primarily handled at the ____ level

Federal

Local

State

County

According to the CDC, what should be the primary treatment for ADHD in children 6 and under?

Medication

Family counseling

Behavior therapy

Dialectical behavior therapy

An ethical dilemma occurs when

There are no clear boundaries in the counseling relationship

A client agrees with everything the counselor says

A counselor faces a choice between conflicting ethical principles

A counselor easily solves a client's problem

Lazarus' multimodal therapy is based on

Family systems theory

Psychoanalysis

Humanism

Behaviorism

Contextualism in treatment planning refers to the idea that

Clients should not be involved in their treatment plans

Behavior should be considered within the context of culture

Treatment plans should focus solely on medication

Mental illness is purely idiosyncratic

According to research, the most significant factor in client success is

The quality of the relationship between a counselor and a client

The length of the therapy

The counselor's theoretical orientation

The client's socioeconomic status

The acronym BASIC ID in multimodal therapy stands for

Beliefs, Actions, Sensations, Images, Cognitions, Intentions, and Development

Behaviors, Affect, Social skills, Intuition, Cognition, Identity, and Drive

Beliefs, Affect, Sensations, Insight, Cognition, Interpersonal, and Defense mechanisms

Behaviors, Affect, Sensations, Images, Cognitions, Interpersonal relationships, and Drugs/biology

Privileged communication means that

Counselors do not have to reveal what a client said in counseling sessions in a court of law

Counselors must disclose everything a client says in court

Counselors can freely share client information with anyone

Clients have the right to choose any counselor they want

The primary intent of The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) is

To mandate disaster mental health training for all counselors

To give counselors access to student records

To protect the privacy of students

To allow parents to access counseling records of students over 18

Which of the following is a treatment modality used for substance-related disorders?

Structural family therapy

Substitute medication

Group psychotherapy

Health counseling

Studies have shown that which therapy produces more stable results and fewer relapses compared to anti-depressant psychopharmaceuticals?

Adventure-based counseling

Cognitive therapy

Rational emotive behavior counseling

Token economy

In treatment planning, structuring refers to

Focusing on medication management

Helping a client understand the nature, limits, and goals of treatment

Analyzing a client's past

Diagnosing personality disorders

Rational emotive behavior counseling groups are based on

Multicultural skills

Experiential activities

Albert Ellis' cognitive behavioral theories

Token economy systems

In counseling program planning, a feedback loop is important for

Avoiding goal setting

Limiting communication

Ensuring development is proceeding appropriately

Ignoring feedback

Adventure-based counseling is designed to promote all of the following EXCEPT

Traditional instruction

Improved communication skills

Increased self-awareness

Camaraderie

Which of the following is NOT one of the four DBT modules?

Distress tolerance

Cognitive restructuring

Mindfulness

Interpersonal effectiveness

Which of the following is considered unethical?

Asking a client for their phone number

Looking up any non-client medical records

Providing marital therapy

Conducting a needs assessment

When developing treatment plans for individuals from non-majority cultures, counselors should be aware of

The tendency to seek out services more often

The unimportance of the counselor-client relationship

The importance of focusing on past problems

Factors such as trust, language differences, and financial limitations

Which counseling style, developed by Alfred Adler, focuses on overcoming feelings of inferiority?

Adlerian counseling (Individual psychology)

Rogerian counseling

Transactional analysis

Freudian techniques

Involuntary commitment is typically utilized when an individual

Has a lawsuit filed against them

Is seeking help with substance abuse issues

Poses a significant risk of harm to themselves or others

Requests counseling services

In the DSM-5, somatic symptom and related disorders

Are best treated with adventure-based counseling

Involve symptoms with little to no medical evidence

Are easily diagnosed

Are treated primarily with psychopharmaceuticals

The primary reason counselors assign diagnostic codes to clients is to

Avoid providing treatment

Label the client

Guide intervention and treatment and to better conceptualize the client's symptoms

Increase reimbursement from insurance companies

Which type of counseling group is more focused on healthy living and coping strategies?

All groups equally

Tertiary groups

Primary groups

Secondary groups

Which statement is true about personality disorders?

They are seen as short-term conditions

Clients are typically making up their distress

They are easily treated with medication

They impact nearly every facet of the client's life

Cost-benefit analysis suggests that psychotherapy

Reduces mental health expenditure

Increases mental health expenditure

Has no effect on mental health expenditure

Is too expensive to be effective

Behavioral counseling groups are typically led by a counselor who is

Non-directive

Focused on the past

Primarily using medication

Directive and goal-oriented

Salvador Minuchin is best known for his development of

Structural family therapy

Reality therapy

Mindfulness therapy

Group psychotherapy

An example of continuum of care is

Only independent living

From group home care to day hospital care

Only inpatient hospitalization

From independent living to inpatient hospitalization

Eric Berne is the founder of

Adlerian counseling

Behavioral counseling

Rogerian counseling

Transactional analysis

In program planning, the step that involves defining the program's purpose and establishing a framework is

Conceptualization

Implementation

Evaluation

Development of goals and objectives

Many insurance companies do NOT reimburse for

Marital therapy

Group therapy

Family therapy

Individual therapy

A core principle of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is

Focusing on past traumas

Promoting dependence on the therapist

Helping clients increase emotional and cognitive regulation

Avoiding the discussion of emotions

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring refers to

Ignoring cultural differences

Focusing solely on medication

Using the first session to express the roles, expectations, duration, and purpose of treatment

Avoiding discussion of differences

Which of the following is NOT a common reason to break confidentiality?

When an insurance company requests information

When a client requests records to be released

When a client expresses dissatisfaction with therapy

When there is imminent risk of danger to the client or others

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is

A widely used therapeutic modality

A therapy focused on outdoor activities

A system of rewards

A treatment that requires strict monitoring to avoid liver damage

An Employee Assistance Program (EAP) is designed to

Assist companies with administrative tasks

Provide financial advice to employees

Manage employee vacation time

Help employees address personal issues like mental health and substance abuse

If a counselor determines a client is an imminent danger to themselves, they are obligated to

Maintain confidentiality

Continue with regular therapy sessions

Ignore verbal threats

Advise the client to seek emergency treatment

Cybercounseling includes all of the following EXCEPT

Live video chat

Telephone counseling

Email counseling

In-person sessions

Your score is

The average score is 75%

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Areas of Clinical Focus

These are specific topics or issues that counselors work with, such as anxiety, depression, family issues, or addiction.

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Practice Quiz

Challenge Yourself

Areas of Clinical Focus

This quiz assesses knowledge and understanding of patient care, diagnostic techniques, treatment modalities, and ethical considerations. It aims to enhance the quality of care delivered in clinical settings by promoting continuous learning and self-assessment.

Manifested interests are

Interests demonstrated through actions

Interests based on personality types

Interests expressed verbally

Interests identified through tests

Donald Super is known for

The trait-factor approach

Career construction theory

The Circumscription and Compromise theory

The Archway Model

High-context communication emphasizes

Verbal detail

Directness

Clarity of message

Nonverbal communication and tradition

Fixation, according to Sigmund Freud, is

Physical development

Intellectual growth

Healthy emotional development

Emotional stunting due to unresolved stress or trauma

Which of the following is considered the most restrictive environment in mental health treatment?

Group home

Partial hospital care

Outpatient services

Inpatient hospitalization

Jean Baker Miller is known for her contributions to

Maturationist theory

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Relational-cultural theory

Behaviorism

An individual with a strong interest in research, analysis, and problem-solving likely aligns with which of Holland's personality types?

Conventional

Investigative

Social

Enterprising

Donald Super's theory of career development includes

Only the Life-Career Rainbow

Vocational development stages and tasks

Outplacement counseling

Only the Archway Model

Morphostasis in family therapy refers to

The family's ability to maintain stability during crises

Open communication within the family

The family's ability to change rapidly

The influence of external systems on the family

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) aims to

Focus on past experiences

Increase dopamine levels

Change patterns of thinking or behavior

Explore unconscious desires

According to Linda Gottfredson, vocational self-concept

Develops in childhood and influences occupation selection

Is unrelated to career choice

Is fixed at birth

Develops in adulthood

According to Margaret Mahler, disruption of the symbiotic relationship can lead to

Stronger emotional resilience

Increased creativity

Psychosis

Enhanced social skills

Developmental psychology focuses on

The unconscious mind

Factors influencing human development from conception

Chemical imbalances in the brain

Learning through reinforcement

When counseling a minor, what should a counselor do regarding confidentiality?

Withhold all information from the parents

Explain the need for confidentiality to the parents

Share all information with the parents

Avoid meeting with the parents

The first stage of the career counseling process involves

Establishing a relationship and trust

Conducting an assessment

Making a decision

Providing information

Sensorium refers to

Physical sensations

Unconscious processes

Emotional intelligence

Awareness of location, time, and identity

In the DSM-5, "mental retardation" is now referred to as

Intellectual disability

Panic disorder

Agoraphobia

Neurocognitive disorder

In object relations theory, splitting is

A family therapy technique

The ability to see the ambiguity of human behavior

A normal part of child development

An "all good" or "all bad" assignment to people

During a career counseling session, a client feels that the counselor's suggestions are based on stereotypes. What should the counselor do FIRST?

Explain their professional opinion

Validate the client's feelings

Ignore the client's concern

Become defensive

Research suggests that gambling behavior is MOST similar to

Substance abuse

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Social anxiety

Eating disorders

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream is

The literal events of the dream

The woman's anxiety

The symbolic expression

The hidden psychological meaning

"Prognosis" in clinical terms refers to

The likelihood of recovery or future functioning

The prevalence of a disorder

The client's presenting symptoms

The cause of a disorder

Edward Thorndike's law of effect states that

Behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated

Rewards weaken stimulus-response connections

Punishment strengthens behavior

Behavior is random

Systematic desensitization is based on the theory of

Social learning theory

Reciprocal inhibition

The Premack principle

Cognitive therapy

Jean Piaget is known as a

Psychoanalyst

Developmental psychologist

Family therapist

Behaviorist

According to Ann Roe, career choices are influenced by

Environmental factors

Personal perceptions

The parent-child relationship

Social interactions

DBT was initially designed for individuals with

Depression

Substance use disorders

Anxiety disorders

Borderline personality disorder

In behaviorist approaches to marriage therapy, reciprocity means

Partners support each other at the same rate

There is no exchange of support

One partner gives more support

A mutual exchange of reinforcing behaviors between partners

Cognitive information processing in career counseling involves

Using a sequential procedure like CASVE

Assessing personality traits

Analyzing unconscious drives

Applying learning principles

Psychoanalytic family therapy focuses on

Unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts

Cognitive distortions

Communication styles

Behavioral patterns

The main difference between emotions and mood is

Emotions are long-lasting, mood is temporary

Mood is only negative

Emotions are stronger than mood

Emotions are temporary, mood is persistent

John Holland's personality types include

Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional

Id, ego, superego

Introvert, extrovert, ambivert

Oral, anal, phallic

Which DSM-5 category does conduct disorder fall under?

Anxiety disorders

Depressive disorders

Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

Neurocognitive disorders

John Krumboltz's Learning Theory of Career Counseling suggests that career choices are influenced by

Unconscious drives

Innate abilities

Early childhood experiences

Learning experiences

Classical conditioning involves

Forming associations between stimuli

Reinforcement and punishment

Changing thought patterns

Learning through observation

Construction theory suggests that individuals

Develop in predetermined stages

Actively construct their own understanding of the world

Are shaped solely by their environment

Have innate career paths

In psychoanalytic family therapy, introjection refers to

Rationalizing behavior

Denying reality

Projecting one's feelings onto others

Taking on aspects of another person

What does "vocational self-concept" refer to?

Social status

An individual's physical abilities

Emotional intelligence

An individual's perception of themselves in relation to career choices

Linda Gottfredson's theory of Circumscription and Compromise focuses on

Moral development

Career development

Stages of cognitive development

Psychosexual development

According to John Holland's theory, career choice is an expression of

Social class

Personality

Intelligence

Family background

Linda Gottfredson's theory of Circumscription and Compromise focuses on

Career development

Moral development

Cognitive development

Psychosexual stages

"Etiology" refers to

The root cause of a disorder

The proportion of the population with a disorder

The number of new cases of a disorder

The treatment plan for a disorder

Trauma- and stressor-related disorders

Are not caused by specific events

Include conditions like PTSD and adjustment disorders

Have a narrow range of psychotherapeutic approaches

Only affect children

Phenomenology in counseling focuses on

Unconscious drives

The counselor's interpretation of events

The client's subjective experience

Observable behaviors

Which of the following is an example of a quantitative change?

Improved score on a depression screening

Erikson's stages

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Progression of self-concept

In psychoanalytic theory, regression is

A sign of maturity

An attempt to retreat to an earlier stage of development

A focus on the future

A healthy coping mechanism

Anglo-conformity theory suggests that

People should celebrate their cultural differences

All cultures are equal

Cultural identity is unimportant

People from other cultures should adopt the dominant culture

Linda Gottfredson posits that vocational self-concept

Develops in childhood and influences occupational selection

Is determined solely by genetics

Develops in adulthood

Is unrelated to self-awareness

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Emphasizes social needs first

Progresses from physiological to self-fulfillment needs

Focuses on cognitive needs

Rejects the concept of a hierarchy

Feedback loops in family systems are

Communication patterns

Repeated patterns of family interactions

Financial transactions

Circular patterns of interaction where one family member influences the other

The World-of-Work Map is used to organize occupations based on

Personality types

Primary tasks involving people, data, things, and ideas

Salary ranges

Educational requirements

A fixed ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after

An average number of minutes

A fixed number of responses

A certain time period

An average number of responses

In family systems theory, what does "enmeshment" refer to?

Open communication

Overly involved family members with blurred boundaries

Individual autonomy

Clear and healthy boundaries

"Object permanence" as described by Piaget, develops during the

Formal operational stage

Concrete operational stage

Sensorimotor stage

Preoperational stage

Psychodynamic techniques in career counseling involve

Modifying behavior

Exploring unconscious motivations

Challenging beliefs

Assessing client traits

John Krumboltz's theory posits that career development is influenced by

Innate needs

Unconscious drives

Observational learning and modeling

Early childhood experiences

Aaron Beck's cognitive triad of depression includes

Anger, sadness, fear

Focus on past events

Positive self-image, positive worldview, hopeful future

Feelings of worthlessness, negative worldview, hopeless future

An authoritarian parenting style is associated with

Harsh punishment and poor explanation of rules

Open communication

Warmth and affection

High self-esteem

In Margaret Mahler's theory, symbiosis refers to

Healthy independence

The early bond between mother and child

Sibling rivalry

Peer relationships

If a counselor suspects a client is experiencing psychotic symptoms, they should

Conduct a neuropsychological assessment

Prescribe anti-anxiety medication

Begin intensive psychotherapy

Refer the client to a psychiatrist for a psychiatric evaluation

Self-efficacy is

The ability to perform any task

A personality trait

Emotional intelligence

An individual's belief in their ability to perform a specific task

Linda Gottfredson's career development theory is known as

Career construction theory

The Archway Model

Circumscription and Compromise

Social comparison theory

Assimilation involves

Rejecting the dominant culture

Being absorbed into a dominant culture, often losing original cultural norms

Maintaining a strong connection to one's original culture

Interacting with only one's own cultural group

Automatic thoughts are

Always accurate

Learned through observation

Conscious and rational

Spontaneous and often negative

Which of the following is an example of a projective test?

California Psychological Inventory

WISC-IV

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Rorschach Inkblot test

Albert Bandura developed

The concept of homeostasis

Career development theory

Social learning theory

The ecological view

A person's self-concept is

Determined solely by others' views

Their perceptions and beliefs about themselves

Stable from preschool age

Present at birth

The Archway Model, developed by Donald Super, represents

Theories of personality

The stages of cognitive development

Steps in decision-making

Factors influencing career development

Organismic development suggests that individuals

Actively participate in their development

Are passive in their development

Are influenced only by external stimuli

Develop in distinct stages

Daniel Levinson is known for his work on

Cognitive development

Developmental tasks

Personality types

Attachment theory

Qualitative changes in human growth and development refer to

Changes in frequency

Improved scores on a screening

Changes that can be measured numerically

Changes in structure or development

Which of the following is an example of the defense mechanism of projection?

Forgetting an unpleasant event

Refusing to accept a job loss

A wife accusing her husband of not expressing his feelings when she is uncomfortable expressing her own

Behaving in a way opposite to one's true feelings

The Ginzberg group believed that occupational choice occurs in what stages?

Exploration, establishment, and maintenance

Childhood, adolescence, and adulthood

Fantasy, tentative, and realistic

Growth, decline, and retirement

The goal of systematic desensitization is to

Understand unconscious processes

Associate anxiety-provoking stimuli with positive events

Change family dynamics

Identify personality types

Self-direction in counseling refers to

Understanding one's unconscious drives

Expressing emotions through art

The ability to set goals and make decisions

The ability to relax in anxious situations

Which of the following is the best definition of "career"?

A definable work activity

An individual's preference for living space

The progression of occupations throughout a working life

A single job

Denial as a defense mechanism involves

Blocking painful thoughts from awareness

Refusing to accept reality

Attributing one's feelings to others

Adopting others' traits

Autonomous morality is when individuals understand that rules

Are always absolute

Are based on authority

Can be modified and consider intentions

Are unchangeable

A client suddenly stops speaking mid-sentence. This is an example of

Thought blocking

Stagnation

Enmeshment

Resistance

Learning theories include

Client-centered approaches

Behavioral, social learning, and information-processing theories

Psychoanalytic theories

Cognitive and humanistic theories

John Holland developed

The theory of conservation

Career construction theory

The Circumscription and Compromise theory

Career assessment instruments

A negative-reinforcing stimulus

Has no effect on behavior

Is a punishment

Adds something to decrease a behavior

Removes something to increase a behavior

Donald Super's life-career rainbow acknowledges

Only work-related roles

Only early childhood experiences

The unconscious

Eight life roles and work/life balance

In counseling, confrontation is used to

Avoid conflict

Make the client feel uncomfortable

Directly address discrepancies in the client's behavior

Argue with the client

SIGI 3 is

A type of personality test

A computer-assisted career guidance system

A career assessment inventory

A database of occupations

Common physiological effects of alcohol include

Sweaty and shaky hands, nausea, headaches

Increased energy

Relapse

Clear thinking

A technique used in SFBT is the

Interpretation of dreams

Genogram

Free association

Miracle question

In Jean Piaget's theory, adaptation is

Comparing oneself to others

A defense mechanism

The process of adjusting cognitive structures to incorporate new information

The family's ability to maintain balance

In Erik Erikson's theory, the most important factor in development is

Genetics

Social environment

Biology

Physical health

Group counseling is a therapeutic approach that involves

Using relaxation techniques to counteract anxiety

Multiple clients in a structured or unstructured session led by a counselor

Individual sessions focused on childhood issues

Identifying and challenging distorted thinking patterns

According to the DSM-5, which of the following is a requirement for a psychological diagnosis?

Extreme mood states

Psychological dysfunction

Comorbidity

History of trauma

Conduct disorder is characterized by

A persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms

Social withdrawal

Exaggerated self-esteem

Intense fear of social situations

Projective tests are designed to assess

Personal issues

Physical abilities

Unconscious drives and feelings

Cognitive intelligence

A mental status exam includes assessment of

Client's career goals

Only thought processes and intellectual functioning

Appearance and behavior, mood and affect, thought processes, intellectual functioning, and sensorium

Only mood and affect

The term "animism" in child development refers to

A structured assessment of cognitive functioning

The child's desire for their opposite-sex parent

The belief that inanimate objects have human-like qualities

A defense mechanism where one sees others as all good or all bad

Dissociative disorders involve

Inflated self-esteem

A persistent pattern of violating societal norms

Issues of disconnection from self, others, and behavior

A belief that inanimate objects are alive

John Bowlby suggested that poor attachment in early childhood can lead to

Conduct disorder

Enhanced social skills

High self-esteem

Increased creativity

H B Gelatt's decision-making process involves

Focusing solely on intuition

Avoiding decision-making

A five-step process including examining potential outcomes and values

Relying on others' opinions

Which parenting style is associated with children who have poor boundaries and social skills?

Neglectful

Permissive

Authoritative

Authoritarian

According to self-efficacy theory, what is a key factor in achieving career success?

Parental influence

Genetic factors

External rewards

Individual's belief in their ability to succeed

Low-context communication emphasizes

Tradition

Respect for elders

Nonverbal cues

Verbal content

Agoraphobia is now categorized under which type of disorders in the DSM-5?

Anxiety disorders

Disruptive disorders

Neurocognitive disorders

Impulse-control disorders

The behaviorism learning approach focuses on

Emotional experiences

Observable behaviors

Unconscious processes

Cognitive distortions

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Giving a child a time-out

Giving a child a sticker for good behavior

Taking away a child's toy

Turning off a loud noise when a task is completed

A counselor uses gold stars to reward a child for completing their homework. This is an example of

Negative reinforcement

Positive punishment

Positive reinforcement

Negative punishment

Which of the following is a notable difference in adolescent suicide between males and females?

Females complete suicide more often

There is no significant difference

Males use less deadly means

Males complete suicide more often

In Jean Piaget's theory, "accommodation" means

Creating new schemas

Modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information

Returning to an earlier stage of development

Ignoring new information

A midlife crisis typically involves

Decreased interest in relationships

A period of evaluating past events as one realizes life is half over

Increased physical strength

A surge in creativity

Linda Gottfredson's stages of career development include

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational

Orientation to size and power, sex roles, social valuation, and internal unique self

Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame

Oral, anal, phallic

Learned helplessness, as described by Martin Seligman, is

The ability to overcome any obstacle

Passivity resulting from repeated negative events

A healthy coping mechanism

A strong sense of self-efficacy

Erik Erikson's intimacy vs. isolation stage occurs approximately between the ages of

13 and 19

45 and 65

23 and 34

1 and 3

A person who is drawn to helping, teaching, or working with others likely exhibits which of Holland's personality types?

Investigative

Social

Realistic

Enterprising

Vocational aptitude assessments are used to

Assess intelligence

Evaluate abilities, skills, and interests for career paths

Measure personality traits

Diagnose mental disorders

In Erik Erikson's final stage, integrity versus despair, the resulting "ego virtue" is

Wisdom

Will

Love

Hope

Ann Roe's approach to career development emphasizes

Social learning

Contextualism

Needs based on parental influences

Cognitive information processing

Multidimensional models of abnormal human behavior consider

Only biological factors

Interrelated factors like biology, cognition, emotions, and sociocultural factors

Only psychological factors

Unconscious processes

In behaviorism, what does "baseline behavior" refer to?

Steady state of existing or "normal" behavior

Behavior after an intervention

Abnormal behavior

Aggressive behavior

Lawrence Kohlberg's moral dilemma test has shown that women tend to prioritize what in moral judgments?

Human relationships and caring

Justice

Cognitive processes

Rights

A significant change from the DSM-IV-TR to the DSM-5 was

The removal of the multiaxial classification system

The addition of more V codes

No changes to the classification of disorders

The expansion of the multiaxial system

According to Daniel Goleman, emotional intelligence includes

Restricted and repetitive behaviors

Reasoning and thinking processes

Limitations in intellectual functioning

Understanding social cues and empathy

Qualitative development involves

Changes in the nature or quality of a process

Changes in the quantity of behavior

Predictable responses to stimuli

Development in stages

Systematic desensitization is

A gradual exposure technique

Immediate exposure

A form of flooding

A cognitive technique

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which needs must be met FIRST?

Love and belonging needs

Self-actualization needs

Esteem needs

Physiological and safety needs

The fundamental attribution error is

Accurately assessing situations

Attributing one's own behavior to external factors

Ignoring personality traits

Overemphasizing personal characteristics when evaluating others

The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) provides information on

Personality types

Career aptitude

Current salaries and projected trends

Mental disorders

An investigative career style is exemplified by

Salesperson

Teacher

Mechanic

Computer programmer

Reciprocal inhibition is the idea that

A person can engage in two behaviors at once

People are inherently gullible

One emotional state can inhibit another

Past experiences determine current behavior

Mark Savickas is known for his postmodern approach based on

Trait-factor theory

Needs approach

Social learning approach

Construction theory

In systems theory, subordinate systems refer to

Smaller units within the family

External organizations

The family's financial resources

The oldest family members

According to behaviorists, child development is primarily influenced by

Conditioning and learning

Unconscious processes

Preexisting knowledge

Cognitive preconditions

"Prevalence" of a disorder refers to

The severity of symptoms

The number of new cases in a time frame

The cause of the disorder

What proportion of the population has the disorder

Which of the following BEST describes resiliency?

The ability to form deep relationships

The ability to change and adapt

The ability to recover from injuries

The ability to adapt well despite adversity

In family systems, homeostasis refers to

A steady state of equilibrium

A pathological state

A state of change

Open communication

Introjection involves

Attributing one's own feelings to others

Expressing the opposite of true feelings

Blocking out painful memories

Using fantasy to identify the expression of an impulse

In career counseling, self-efficacy can be strengthened by

Vicarious learning (modeling)

Avoiding social persuasion

Focusing on past failures

Ignoring physiological states

Conformity is strongest in humans during

Early teens

Adulthood

Early childhood

Old age

The triad of attraction includes

Wealth, power, fame

Proximity, physical attractiveness, similar values

Intelligence, humor, kindness

Age, race, religion

According to research, viewing violence tends to

Only affect adults

Decrease aggression in children

Increase aggression in children

Have no effect on aggression

Systems theory in family therapy views the family as

A complex, interconnected system

A collection of individuals

Independent of external influences

A linear structure

H B Gelatt's later research focused on

Reason and intuition in career decisions

Early childhood experiences

Unconscious drives

Trait-factor matching

Cognitive dissonance refers to

The discomfort of holding contradictory beliefs

The stages of grief

Conflicting career goals

The influence of the unconscious

In career counseling with clients with disabilities, counselors should

Focus on the client's limitations

Tell the client what duties they can perform

Request that the client talk openly about their perceived capabilities

Avoid discussing the disability

Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with feelings of well-being and happiness?

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Serotonin

Neuropsychological assessments measure

Career aptitude

Personality traits

Brain dysfunctions and abilities

Emotional intelligence

Prevalence refers to

The cause of a disorder

The proportion of a population affected by a disorder

The number of new cases of a disorder

The anticipated course of a disorder

Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development focus on

Physical growth

Moral reasoning

Social and emotional development across the lifespan

Cognitive abilities

What is a common reason for a client's hesitancy in making a career decision?

Lack of career options

Presence of emotional or psychological stress

Too much information from the counselor

Client's lack of intelligence

Robert Havighurst is known for his theory of

Hierarchy of needs

Psychosexual stages

Cognitive development

Developmental tasks

A mental status exam includes assessment of

Family dynamics

Appearance, behavior, thought processes, mood, intellectual functioning, and sensorium

Career aptitude

Personality traits

Virginia Satir is best known for her work in

Behaviorism

Career counseling

Family therapy

Cognitive development

The trait-factor approach to career counseling involves

Analyzing unconscious desires

Matching individual traits to job requirements

Focusing on emotional intelligence

Exploring childhood experiences

Contextualism asserts that career development results from

The interaction between the individual and environment

Cognitive processes

Individual traits

Environmental factors

William Perry's work focused on

Intellectual and ethical development

Career decision-making

Family systems theory

Psychosocial development

Donald Tiedeman's explanation of career development

Emphasizes genetic influences

Focuses on unconscious processes

Parallels Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

Views career choice as random

Linda Gottfredson's theory of career development is

Social cognitive career theory

Circumscription and Compromise

The Archway Model

Career construction theory

Mark Savickas's approach considers

Flexible work schedules and freelance employment

Fixed career paths

Early childhood experiences

Traditional workplace structures

Which of Holland's personality types is associated with creativity and self-expression?

Conventional

Artistic

Realistic

Enterprising

Repression is best described as

Expressing the opposite of true feelings

Unconsciously blocking out uncomfortable thoughts

Identifying with another person's impulse

Refusing to acknowledge reality

The three broad areas of development include

Emotional, behavioral, and social

Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial

Physical, cognitive, and emotional

Cognitive, psychosocial, and moral

A counselor is working with a child who is having difficulty expressing their emotions verbally. Which therapeutic approach would be most suitable?

Active Listening

Play Therapy

Confrontation

Cognitive Behavioral Counseling

Which statement accurately distinguishes between neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders?

Both appear in childhood

Neurodevelopmental disorders begin in childhood, while neurocognitive disorders tend to appear later in life

Neurocognitive disorders begin in childhood, while neurodevelopmental disorders appear later in life

Both lack a biological basis

The Barnum effect is

The tendency to believe vague, general statements about oneself

The idea that people are not easily influenced

The influence of environment on development

A stage of cognitive development

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development involve

Mastering psychosocial tasks

Cognitive milestones

Career choice stages

Psychosexual development

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was developed by

Carl Rogers

Aaron Beck

Sigmund Freud

Marsha Linehan

The CASVE procedure includes the steps

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Communication, analysis, synthesis, valuing, execution

Assessment, diagnosis, treatment, evaluation

Id, ego, superego

The concrete operations stage in Jean Piaget's model occurs between the ages of

7 and 12

0 and 2

12 and 18

2 and 7

Lev Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the role of

Unconscious processes

Reinforcement and punishment

Social interaction and cultural context

Genetics

Object loss in developmental psychology refers to

Losing material possessions

The loss of a key attachment figure at a formative age

Changes in physical appearance

Forgetting information

In the DSM-5, dimensional assessments involve

Assessing severity, frequency, and duration of symptoms

Categorical diagnoses

Describing therapy modalities

Using the multiaxial system

Client-centered counseling was developed by

Aaron Beck

Carl Rogers

Sigmund Freud

John Crites

Mark Savickas' approach to career counseling is based on

Career construction theory

Behaviorism

Social comparison theory

The trait-factor approach

Which of the following is a characteristic of intellectual disability?

Limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior

IQ test result above 70

Cognitive decline from a previous level of performance

Onset after the age of 18

According to John Bowlby's attachment theory, normal psychological development requires

Multiple attachment figures

A secure attachment figure

Independence from caregivers

Early separation from parents

Flooding as a behavioral therapy technique involves

Gradual exposure to a feared stimulus

Relaxation techniques

Immediate and intense exposure to a feared stimulus

Cognitive restructuring

Discontinuous development is characterized by

Reflexive behavior

Distinct stages and qualitative shifts

Gradual and continuous change

Changes in the nature of a process

Heteronomous morality, as described by Jean Piaget, is when children see rules as

Flexible and changeable

Based on intentions and context

A result of social agreement

Absolute and imposed by authority

Homeostasis in family systems refers to

Individual differences

The presence of conflict

The family's ability to adapt

The tendency to maintain balance

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) emphasizes

In-depth analysis of history

Future possibilities and solutions

Past problems

The counselor's interpretation

John Watson was a

Cognitive therapist

Behaviorist

Psychoanalyst

Humanist

O*NET is

An achievement aptitude test

A personality test

A career guidance system

A database categorizing occupations

Which of Holland's personality types is characterized by a preference for practical, hands-on activities?

Realistic

Social

Investigative

Artistic

In Bowen's family therapy, triangulation involves

A focus on individual therapy

Healthy boundaries

Two parties in conflict involving a third party

Open communication

Lev Vygotsky's zone of proximal development is

The range between what a child can do independently and with guidance

A personality trait

A stage of psychosexual development

A type of learning disability

Research on parenting styles suggests that children tend to be less aggressive when

Parents are permissive

Parents do not use or tolerate aggression

Parents are inconsistent

Parents use strict discipline

In Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development, which stage is characterized by a fear of punishment?

Preconventional

Unconventional

Post-conventional

Conventional

A "critical period" in child development is

A time of significant trauma

A period where a process or behavior must be completed for later development

When children develop object permanence

A stage where children are attracted to the opposite-sex parent

William Perry's scheme includes the categories

Id, ego, superego

Dualism, relativism, commitment

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational

Trust, autonomy, initiative

Which of the following is a component of outplacement counseling?

Crisis intervention

Assistance with job-seeking skills

Long-term therapy

Family therapy

According to Gottfredson, when do children typically begin to understand that occupations are sex-typed?

Ages 6 to 8

Ages 3 to 5

Ages 14 and up

Ages 9 to 13

Cognitive therapy focuses on

Unconscious processes

Family dynamics

Using rewards and punishments

Identifying and challenging distorted thinking

From a contextualism standpoint, the goal of career counseling is

For the individual to make sense of their situation

To match individuals with specific occupations

To change the individual's behavior

To analyze early childhood experiences

Career counseling focuses on

Job availability

Logistics of finding a job

Writing resumes

Individual career development, values, and self-understanding

Erik Erikson's theory describes

Moral development

Stages of psychosocial development

Stages of cognitive development

Psychosexual stages

Confirmation bias is

Accepting all information

Accepting only information that agrees with one's point of view

Being open to changing one's mind

Rejecting all new information

Leon Festinger's theory suggests that to reduce cognitive dissonance, we

Seek external validation

Change our behaviors

Change our beliefs to match our behaviors

Ignore the conflict

"Transference" in counseling is

The client's accurate perception of the counselor

The counselor's emotional fatigue

The client's redirection of feelings onto the counselor

A structured communication system

Aaron Beck developed

Client-centered counseling

Cognitive therapy

Behaviorism

Psychoanalytic theory

A key factor in suicide prevention is

Ignoring any mention of suicide

Focusing on the individual's past successes

Recognizing that those who complete suicide rarely express their intentions

Taking any mention of suicide seriously

Mechanistic development views behavior as

A series of predictable responses to stimuli

A result of personal choices

A transformation of characteristics

Occurring in distinct stages

An individual can be diagnosed with intellectual disability if

The onset of the condition was before the age of 18 and their IQ test result is 70 or below

The onset of the condition was after the age of 18

Their IQ test result is above 70

They have strong job-seeking skills

In high-context communicative cultures

Nonverbal communication and respect for tradition are emphasized

The lexical content of the message is emphasized

There is little regard for social norms

Messages are direct and explicit

Examples of actuarial theories are

Family systems theories

Social learning and cognitive theories

Trait-factor and needs-based theories

Psychoanalytic and humanistic theories

What is a common challenge faced by displaced homemakers?

Recent work experience

Up-to-date job skills

Lack of self-confidence in the job market

Strong support system

Object loss refers to

Changes in physical appearance

Losing material possessions

The loss of a key attachment figure

Forgetting important information

The "Father of Guidance" is

B.F. Skinner

Frank Parsons

Carl Rogers

Sigmund Freud

What is reaction formation?

Blocking out painful memories

Refusing to accept reality

Attributing one's feelings to another person

Taking on feelings that are the opposite of what one actually feels

By what age do most people arrive at a firm gender identity?

18 years old

10 years old

25 years old

3 years old

In Jean Piaget's theory, "conservation" refers to

The ability to adapt to new situations

A defense mechanism

The process of assimilating new information

The understanding that objects remain constant despite changes in appearance

In SFBT, exceptions questions are used to

Identify times when the problem was less severe

Analyze the history of the problem

Explore the client's weaknesses

Focus on past failures

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) was originally designed to treat

Depression

Anxiety disorders

Substance use disorders

Borderline Personality Disorder

During the initiative versus guilt stage, children

Establish identities

Master social and academic skills

Plan activities and make up games

Develop independence

According to Donald Tiedeman, career development involves

Rejecting societal expectations

Differentiating the ego and resolving psychosocial crises

Avoiding developmental tasks

Following a predetermined path

Somatic symptom disorders are characterized by

Delusions about physical health

Physical symptoms with a clear medical explanation

An intense focus on physical symptoms causing distress, despite lacking a medical explanation

Intentionally fabricated symptoms

Developmental theorists view career selection as

Determined solely by genetics

Random

A dynamic process that evolves

A static event

Assimilation according to Jean Piaget involves

Integrating new information into existing schemas

Rejecting new information

The family's response to change

Changing existing cognitive schemas

Jean Piaget's theory of human development includes the formal operational stage, which suggests that by this stage, individuals

Have resolved feelings of helplessness and are ready for adulthood

Develop a vocational self-concept

Understand conservation

Primarily focus on sensorimotor skills

"Splitting" in object relations theory is

A child's attraction to the opposite-sex parent

Perceiving others as either entirely good or entirely bad

A structured interview to assess mental health

The ability to understand that objects exist when out of sight

A client is reluctant to discuss their childhood experiences in therapy. This is an example of

Resistance

Enmeshment

Stagnation

Thought blocking

Neuroplasticity refers to

Genetic predisposition

The way the brain changes in response to the environment

A decrease in neuronal connections with age

The brain's inability to change

Social comparison theory suggests that individuals determine their worth by

Focusing on future goals

Comparing themselves to others

Using career assessment instruments

Evaluating themselves against their past performance

Depressive disorders in the DSM-5 include

Bipolar disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder

Schizophrenia

Major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, DMDD

The simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in an individual is known as

Comorbidity

Enmeshment

Stagnation

Dysfunction

John Crites' model of career counseling involves

Avoiding client-centered counseling

Using only behavioral approaches

Three diagnoses differential, dynamic, and decisional

Focusing solely on client emotions

Centration, identified by Jean Piaget, involves

Focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others

Developing a vocational self-concept

Understanding the perspectives of others

Forming emotional bonds

A risk assessment is used to

Evaluate the potential danger a client poses to themselves or others

Determine the client's IQ

Assess career aptitude

Diagnose personality disorders

Harry Harlow's research on child isolation showed that it can lead to

Enhanced creativity

Increased social skills

Stronger emotional bonds

Presentations consistent with autism

John Bowlby's work focused on

Attachment between caregivers and children

Moral development

Career construction

Cognitive development

Kubler-Ross' stages of dying include

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Hope, faith, peace

Anxiety, fear, sadness

Shock, denial, anger

Which of the following is a core principle of cognitive behavioral counseling?

Unconscious processes drive behavior

Clients should not think critically about their behaviors

Behavior is learned and can be unlearned

Behavior is innate and cannot be changed

Negative punishment involves

Adding an aversive stimulus

Adding a rewarding stimulus to increase a behavior

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior

Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior

Meta-analysis involves

Comparing research findings across studies

Ignoring previous research

Focusing on a single case study

Using only qualitative data

According to Jean Piaget, egocentrism is

A lack of self-awareness

The inability to differentiate between self and the outside world

A focus on others' perspectives

The ability to see multiple viewpoints

According to Aaron Beck, a negative internal communication system can result in

A positive outlook

A negative cognitive shift

Improved communication skills

Increased self-esteem

What is a key component of systematic desensitization?

Teaching relaxation techniques

Sudden and intense exposure to the feared stimulus

Ignoring the patient's fear

Administering medication

The formal operational stage of cognitive development, according to Jean Piaget, begins at approximately age

General goals of group counseling include

Learning to trust oneself and others

Curing alcohol dependence

Decreasing suicidal thoughts

Exploring past lives

John Holland's career theory posits that career choice is an expression of

Economic need

Intelligence

Social status

Personality

Career counselors with a contextualist viewpoint aim to

Help individuals make meaning of their situations

Change individuals' personalities

Match individuals with specific jobs

Analyze test scores

A positive-reinforcing stimulus

Has no effect on behavior

Weakens a behavior

Is unpleasant

Maintains or increases a behavior

In Erikson's theory, which stage involves the central conflict of intimacy versus isolation?

Adolescence

Late adulthood

Middle adulthood

Early adulthood

A reinforcement schedule in behaviorism is

Emotional support

Ignoring unwanted behavior

A type of punishment

The timing and frequency of reinforcements

Acculturation is

A rapid and forced cultural change

Resisting all cultural change

The complete loss of one's original culture

Adopting the dominant culture while retaining aspects of the original culture

The decline of IQ in older adults

Is inevitable and untreatable

May be more pronounced in the last five years of life, particularly affecting verbal skills

Occurs significantly and early in older adulthood

Affects all cognitive abilities equally

Urie Bronfenbrenner is known for his

Cognitive therapy

Psychoanalytic family therapy

Social learning theory

Ecological view of human development

Secondary traumatic stress in counselors results from

Personal traumatic experiences

Lack of empathy for clients

Exposure to clients' traumatic stories

Administrative duties

A "holophrase" is

A type of therapy

Nonverbal communication

A single word used to express a complete idea

A complex sentence

Tested interests are

Interests identified through formal assessments

Unconscious interests

Interests expressed verbally

Interests demonstrated through actions

Paralanguage refers to

The lexical content of a message

Written communication

Body language

Everything but the lexical content of a message, such as tone and volume

Interpersonal skills are

The ability to identify one's personality type

The ability to communicate and interact effectively with others

Negative thought patterns

Techniques to reduce physical tension

Which of the following is an example of a vocational aptitude assessment?

GRE

ASVAB

MMPI

IQ test

Your score is

The average score is 75%

Exit

Counseling Skills & Interventions

These are the techniques and methods that counselors use to help clients, including listening, asking questions, and giving advice or support.

00:00

Practice Quiz

Challenge Yourself

Counseling Skills & Interventions

This quiz is intended to evaluate understanding of essential counseling techniques and therapeutic interventions. It covers key areas such as active listening, empathy, rapport building, and appropriate questioning strategies. The goal is to foster a commitment to ongoing professional development and enhance the effectiveness of counseling practices.

Murray Bowen's systems family counseling approach is described as

Focusing solely on individual family members

Viewing the family as an interconnected system

Ignoring emotional dynamics

A short-term therapeutic method

A module of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) that aims to help clients experience their emotions fully is

Interpersonal effectiveness

Distress tolerance

Mindfulness

Emotional regulation

Cognitive behavior groups aim to

Explore past traumas exclusively

Avoid addressing problematic behaviors

Focus solely on medication management

Promote self-management skills

The stage of "storming" in Bruce Tuckman's model is characterized by

Conflict and power struggles

Confidence and motivation

Consensus and cooperation

Politeness and excitement

Assertiveness training aims to help individuals

Violate the rights of others

Express their emotions appropriately

Suppress their emotions

Focus on past events

In solution-focused brief therapy (SBFT), a formula first session task (FFST) is

A homework assignment after the first session

An emphasis on long-term therapy

A focus on past problems

A technique to increase client passivity

The curative factor of "instillation of hope" involves

Members confronting existential issues

Members learning from each other's experiences

The leader providing information

Members gaining confidence in their ability to change

Aversive treatment involves

Associating undesirable behaviors with unpleasant stimuli

Teaching self-management skills

Rewarding desired behaviors

Using positive reinforcement

Murray Bowen's theory suggests that emotional discomfort between two family members may be alleviated by

Bringing in a third family member

Ignoring the discomfort

Focusing on individual therapy

Excluding other family members

Carl Rogers, the founder of the humanist school of psychotherapy, emphasized the importance of

Unconditional positive regard and congruence

Exploring unconscious desires

Aversive conditioning

Analyzing defense mechanisms

What is the correct order of group stages?

Productive work, conflict, acquaintance, termination

Acquaintance, conflict, productive work, termination

Acquaintance, termination, conflict, productive work

Conflict, acquaintance, productive work, termination

Which of the following is a technique commonly used in psychoanalysis to access the unconscious?

Paraphrasing

Guided fantasy

Dream interpretation

Empty chair

According to REBT, irrational beliefs often originate in

Childhood

Adulthood

Present circumstances

The collective unconscious

Sublimation is a defense mechanism where

Undesirable thoughts are attributed to others

Negative impulses are channeled into positive activities

Reality is refused

One's true feelings are expressed

Experiential therapy aims to

Focus on logic and reasoning

Keep the client "in the moment" with their feelings

Encourage over-cognition

Avoid reliving past experiences

The term "catharsis" refers to

Expressing emotions that are the opposite of one's true feelings

Blocking out painful thoughts from conscious awareness.

The release of strong or repressed emotions, leading to relief

Attributing one's own feelings to others

Compared to crisis intervention, brief therapy is more oriented towards

Providing immediate support

Normal reactions to a crisis

Pathology and symptoms

Managing natural progression

Displacement is a defense mechanism where an individual

Believes they are in charge

Refuses to accept reality

Expresses the opposite of what they feel

Redirects emotions to a safer target

A laissez-faire leadership style in group therapy is most appropriate when

The group is strongly aligned toward a common goal

Exploring sensitive traumatic issues

The group needs strong direction

The group is strongly aligned toward a common goal

Family dynamics involve

Individual traits

Patterns of interaction among family members

Genetic predispositions

External influences only

Self-in-relation theory posits that mature functioning is characterized by

Lack of empathy

Inauthentic engagements

Ability to form meaningful connections

Independence from relationships

Which technique is used in cognitive behavior groups to increase desired behaviors?

Flooding

Aversive treatment

Punishment

Reinforcement

When treating a client's phobia of insects, research indicates that _________ versions of systematic desensitization produce similar physiological reactions

Only virtual

Neither in vivo nor virtual

Only in vivo

In vivo and virtual

Rational emotive imagery is a technique used in

Psychoanalysis

Client-centered therapy

Family therapy

REBT

Existential therapy emphasizes

The client's sense of responsibility for their life

Cognitive distortions

Behavioral conditioning

The client's past relationships

The defense mechanism of projection is best described as

Refusing to accept reality

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others

Reverting to an earlier developmental stage

Justifying one's behavior

Which of the following is a right of group members?

Freedom from undue pressure

To be forced to participate

To dominate the discussion

To pressure others to conform

Reality therapy focuses on

Unconscious conflicts

Past experiences

Family dynamics

The here and now and personal responsibility

A counselor who is experiencing a loss of empathy and interest in clients may be experiencing

Compassion fatigue

Countertransference

Enmeshment

Resistance

Which of the following is an example of rationalization?

"You're not doing it right"

"No one is perfect"

"I don't really care"

Speaking in a childlike voice when stressed

Carl Jung's concepts of introversion and extraversion are

Personality traits

Group types

Defense mechanisms

Behavioral choices

The three distinct sections of a group session are

Warm-up, action, and closure

Past, present, and future

Introduction, body, and conclusion

Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment

In group leadership, emotional stimulation involves

The leader's guidance on group structure

Helping members interpret their experiences

Encouraging group members to express their emotions

Demonstrating empathy and support

Implosive therapy is a form of

Family therapy

Exposure therapy

Group therapy

Crisis intervention

Implosive therapy is designed to

Promote medication use

Increase anxiety

Desensitize a client to a feared stimulus

Enhance impulse control

In James Prochaska's five-stage model of change, the stage where a person gathers resources and information to change is

Contemplation

Precontemplation

Preparation

Action

A Johari window is used to

Control feedback

Improve communication and self-awareness

Treat trauma

Analyze family systems

Which type of question allows the client the most control in terms of how much information to share?

Reflective questions

Closed-ended questions

Leading questions

Open-ended questions

Psychopathology is the study of

Group dynamics

Crisis intervention

Panic attacks

Mental disorders

A key goal of multicultural groups is to

Promote assimilation

Impose new cultural constructs

Help members understand how new skills fit into their own cultural constructs

Avoid discussing individual circumstances

Crisis counseling is designed to be

Focused on past issues

Long-term therapy

Short-term intervention

Aversive

The primary purpose of a psychoeducation group is to

Improve interpersonal skills

Provide therapy for substance abuse

Provide specific information and skills to a particular population

Address client trauma

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is characterized by

Sudden panic attacks

A single, continuous personality

Intense anxiety

Multiple distinct personalities within one individual

Which of the following is an advantage of group counseling?

Lack of norms among group members

Decreased peer confrontation

Limited exposure to real-world experiences

Opportunity to experience social support and practice new skills

Narrative therapy is centered on the idea that

People are best understood as a whole entity

The unconscious dictates behavior

Behavior is determined by external events

Individuals construct their realities through the stories they tell

Biofeedback is a technique that is useful for

Psychosis

Thought disorders

Migraine headaches, anxiety, and phobias

Actual brain disease

Defense mechanisms are

The same as coping mechanisms

Conscious strategies to deal with stress

Always harmful to psychological well-being

Unconscious processes that protect the conscious mind

In solution-focused brief therapy, a second-order change is described as

Temporary

Superficial

Lasting and systemic

A first step

Psychoanalytic theory, founded by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of

Social interest and community feeling

Unconscious drives and childhood experiences

Unconditional positive regard

Here-and-now experiences

Which counseling approach emphasizes unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding?

Gestalt

Adlerian

Person-centered

Psychoanalytic

Prevention groups are formed to

Avoid or mitigate harm

Focus on individual pathologies

Address severe, existing problems

Provide crisis intervention

In rational emotive behavior groups, the leader aims to

Make constructive changes

Discourage self-discipline

Inhibit acceptance of self

Reinforce illogical thinking

The "duty to warn" obligates a professional to

Maintain confidentiality at all costs

Avoid getting involved in situations of potential violence

Notify authorities of a client's intent to harm themselves or others

Notify the parent of a client about possible violence

The purpose of the formula first session task is to

Achieve measurable gains over a long time

Make therapy more problem-focused

Discourage client participation

Encourage clients to observe and reflect on what they want to continue

Which of the following is an example of a self-help group?

A group led by a professional counselor

A therapy group focused on cognitive restructuring

A group focused on classical conditioning

A group for survivors of sexual abuse, led by a survivor

The thought-stopping technique is used to

Promote group cohesiveness

Stop unwanted, intrusive thoughts

Induce panic attacks

Encourage emotional expression

In psychodrama, which of the following roles involves taking on the part of a significant person in the protagonist's life?

Protagonist

Director

Auxiliary Ego

Audience

In a vertical therapeutic relationship

The therapist is seen as the expert

Both client and therapist have equal status

Neither party is seen as the expert

The client guides the therapy

The risky shift phenomenon describes how

Group discussions can lead to riskier decisions than individuals would make alone

Perceived risk increases with group discussion

Individuals always make riskier decisions than groups

Groups tend to avoid taking risks

Motivational interviewing is a technique that primarily aims to

Help the client discover their own reasons for change

Tell the client what changes they need to make

Force the client to make immediate changes

Avoid dealing with client ambivalence

Transactional Analysis (TA) is a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on

Unconscious drives

Individual behavior

Past experiences

Interactions and communication patterns

A counselor working with a multicultural group notices that one member is unusually quiet. The counselor should

Exclude the member from group activities

Consider that the silence might be due to cultural norms

Immediately confront the member about their resistance

Assume the member is being resistant

Neobehaviorism, influenced by Albert Bandura, incorporates the role of _________ in shaping behavior

Environmental factors

Cognitive processes

Social learning

Conditioning

Structural family therapy is characterized by being

Directive and here-and-now oriented

Individual-focused

Non-directive

Focused on the past

Classical conditioning is a

Learning technique where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus

Client-centered approach

Method of examining parent, adult, and child ego states

Technique to modify dysfunctional thoughts

Structural family therapy involves

The therapist analyzing past events

Teaching coping skills

The therapist blending with the family

Using medication

Systematic desensitization is a therapy technique used to

Explore unconscious drives

Reduce phobic responses

Promote self-actualization

Resolve unfinished business

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is a/an

Psychoanalytic approach

Humanistic approach

Existential approach

Cognitive-behavioral approach

Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes that individuals can learn by

Ignoring social cues

Operant conditioning

Classical conditioning

Observing others

In family therapy, "conjoint" means

The therapist works individually with family members

Therapy focuses on past events

The family is treated as separate individuals

There is more than one family member present in the session

Rogerian therapy is also known as

Person-centered therapy

Psychoanalysis

Behavior therapy

Gestalt therapy

Stress inoculation, developed by Donald Meichenbaum, involves how many stages?

Three

Five

Four

Two

Bowenian family therapy primarily aims to

Promote enmeshment among family members

Ignore intergenerational patterns

Focus on individual issues rather than family dynamics

Identify and alter dysfunctional patterns within family systems

A primary prevention group is designed to

Rehabilitate individuals

Treat early-stage problems

Address severe health issues

Educate about potential risks

When forming groups of young children, counselors should consider

Ignoring individual differences

The children's developmental ages and attention spans

Focusing solely on content rather than process

Including as many children as possible

A core tenet of William Glasser's reality therapy is that

The past is more important than the present

Medication is the primary solution for psychopathology

Clients are not responsible for their choices

Psychological distress is the person's responsibility

EMDR is a therapy approach used to help individuals process

Family dynamics

Irrational thoughts

Group roles

Traumatic memories

A T-group is designed to

Treat trauma

Provide information about local resources

Help individuals with schizophrenia understand medication

Improve interpersonal skills and self-awareness

Play therapy is primarily used with

Adults

Children

Elderly individuals

Adolescents

"Universality" in group therapy refers to

Members imitating each other's behaviors

Members recognizing shared feelings and experiences

The leader providing advice

The release of strong emotions

The unconscious mind contains

Only repressed memories from childhood

Information that can be easily recalled

Thoughts that are part of current awareness

Mind contents that are not in current awareness or readily available

Object relations theory emphasizes the importance of

Self-actualization

Conscious control over behavior

Present-day choices

Early childhood relationships

In structural family therapy, the therapist's technique of joining the family is called

Scapegoating

Enactment

Paradoxical intervention

Mimesis

Regression is when an individual

Explains their behavior with logical reasons

Refuses to accept reality

Attributes their motives to others

Reverts to behaviors of an earlier developmental stage

Which of the following is a potential benefit of using silence in therapy sessions?

Greater control of the session's emotional level

All of the above

Providing the client time to find the best response

Giving control to the client

In family therapy, a positive-feedback loop

Induces change in the family system

Preserves the status quo

Maintains the family system's homeostasis

Prevents change

Self-disclosure in counseling

Should be avoided at all costs

Is only about the counselor's affect

Should be used sparingly and thoughtfully

Is always beneficial to the client

Person-centered groups emphasize

Structured techniques

A strict focus on the counselor's interpretation

Active listening and reflection

Minimizing emotional expression

Psychodrama involves

Family members arranging themselves spatially

Acting out scenes from one's life

Identifying antecedents of behavior

Changing the client's relationship with negative thoughts

In Yalom's stages of group development, the initial stage is

Orientation

Cohesion

Conflict

Termination

In reality therapy, the therapeutic relationship is characterized by

A reliance on medication

Acting as the client's friend

A focus on the client's past

A formal, traditional role

The primary founder of the person-centered approach is

Carl Rogers

Alfred Adler

Sigmund Freud

Fritz Perls

Gestalt therapy emphasizes

Cognitive processing

The unconscious mind

Understanding people as a whole entity of body, mind, and emotions

Early childhood experiences

Restating a client's feelings in the counselor's own words is the essence of

Paraphrasing

Dream interpretation

Guided fantasy

Free association

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) asserts that our core problem lies in

External circumstances

The events we experience

Our rational thinking

Our interpretation of events

Which of the following best describes countertransference?

The brain's ability to reorganize itself

The therapist's unconscious emotional reactions to the patient

A technique used to reduce phobic responses

The patient's redirection of feelings onto the therapist

Multicultural groups are composed of

Individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds

Individuals from similar cultural backgrounds

Groups that avoid addressing cultural differences

Groups focused solely on skill-building

The empty chair technique is used to

Establish group rules

Reenact dreams

Analyze group dynamics

Explore feelings and relationships by talking to an imagined person

The brain's ability to form new neural connections and adapt to change is referred to as

Transference

Self-actualization

Countertransference

Neuroplasticity

Reaction formation is a defense mechanism in which

Individuals revert to childlike behaviors

Individuals justify their behaviors with logical reasons

Individuals express the opposite of their true feelings

Individuals refuse to accept reality

In group therapy, interventions that focus on an individual group member are called

Horizontal interventions

Preventative interventions

Vertical interventions

Triangular interventions

Which of the following statements best differentiates between sympathy and empathy?

Sympathy is preferred in a therapeutic context

Empathy seeks to end dealing with the presented circumstance

Empathy creates distance between individuals

Sympathy expresses pity and avoids engagement, while empathy involves engagement with the individual's feelings

A central concept in Albert Bandura's theory is self-efficacy, which refers to

Observing others' failures

The influence of external rewards

An individual's belief in their ability to perform a behavior

Learning through punishment

Group cohesion is considered desirable because it

Makes the group more vulnerable to attacks

Hinders dialogue among members

Enables greater dialogue and cooperation among members

Leads to decreased cooperation

Primary prevention groups focus on

Addressing ambivalence

Preventing problems

Reducing problem severity

Rehabilitation

In object relations theory, the stage where the infant begins to perceive the mother as separate but still feels a sense of oneness is

Separation/individuation

Constancy of self and object

Fusion with mother

Symbiosis

Strategic family counseling focuses on

Cognitive distortions

Past traumas

Individual therapy within the family context

Altering family interaction patterns

Denial involves

Attributing one's feelings to someone else

Adopting the traits of another person

Justifying one's actions

Rejecting the existence of unpleasant situations or emotions

A cued panic attack is triggered by

Random times

An unexpected event

Internal thoughts

A specific environmental trigger

The first stage of stress inoculation is

Inner dialogue

Rehearsal

Application

Education

Double-bind communication involves

Clear and consistent messages

Contradictory verbal and nonverbal messages

Congruence between verbal and nonverbal behavior

Open and direct communication

In REBT, interpreting events without logical reasoning leads to

Emotional wellness

Rational thinking

Balanced perspective

Irrational interpretation

When screening potential group members, counselors should pay attention to

Backgrounds

All of the above

Personalities

Cognitive functioning

What should group counselors be aware of in multicultural groups?

Their own cultural biases

The lack of impact of historical factors

The irrelevance of systemic factors

The homogeneity of cultural experiences

Archetypes are

Family patterns

Irrational beliefs

Learned behaviors

Universal, symbolic images

In Transactional Analysis (TA) groups, the leader is typically seen as the

Participant

Reflector

Observer

Diagnostician and teacher

In Person-Centered Humanistic Therapy, Carl Rogers did NOT believe in

The client's capacity for self-direction

Helping the person reach a self-actualized existence

The unconscious as a driver of behavior

The phenomenological world of the person

In Milan systemic family therapy, circular questioning involves

Asking different family members the same questions about relationships

Avoiding new ways of thinking

Focusing on individual blame

Changing family rules quickly

According to Irvin Yalom, effective group leaders use

Minimal emotional stimulation and high executive direction

High emotional stimulation and low caring functions.

Moderate emotional stimulation, moderate executive direction, frequent caring functions, and consistent meaning attribution

High executive direction and infrequent meaning attribution

Reframing in psychotherapy involves

Ignoring the client's perspective

Agreeing with the client's negative beliefs

Avoiding challenging the client

Putting a different perspective on an existing problem or situation

Virginia Satir identified which communication style?

All of the above

Placater

Blamer

Congruent

Logotherapy focuses on

Finding meaning and purpose in life

The here and now

Family dynamics

Changing negative thoughts

In a counseling context, homogeneity refers to

Similarity among group members

Varying levels of functioning

A mix of genders

Diverse group member characteristics

In general, people tend to _________ the impact of events on their emotional life.

Ignore

Accurately estimate

Underestimate

Overestimate

Gestalt therapy emphasizes

Personal responsibility and the present moment

Unconscious desires

Family structures

Past experiences

According to Irvin Yalom, which of the following is a key leadership function?

Structuring the group

Demonstrating warmth, acceptance, and genuineness

Encouraging emotional expression

Providing cognitive insights

A genogram is a

Personality test

Therapeutic intervention

Communication style

Visual family diagram

Cognitive and behavioral counseling is derived from the

Humanistic school of psychology

Behaviorist school of psychology

Existential school of psychology

Psychoanalytic school of psychology

Person-centered group work is based on the principles of

Behavior modification and contracts

Unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness

Confrontation and interpretation

Aversive treatment, reinforcement, and modeling

Daniel Levinson's Stage-Crisis View theory suggests that

There are predictable, stable, and transitional periods in life

Life consists of random and unpredictable events

Social conflicts are unimportant in adult development

Midlife crises are abnormal

A laissez-faire leadership style in group counseling is characterized by

The leader making all decisions

Minimal intervention from the leader

The leader being highly directive

Shared decision-making among group members

Kinesics is the study of

Furniture arrangement

Language patterns

Nonverbal communication through body movements

Personal space

The key difference between open and closed groups is

The level of self-disclosure

The use of silence

The counselor's therapeutic orientation

Whether members can join after the group begins

In group counseling, linking involves

Analyzing transference

Mediating disputes

Connecting common themes or experiences among group members

Establishing leadership styles

Transactional Analysis (TA) groups focus on

Unconscious drives

Repairing interpersonal interaction patterns

Past life regressions

Chemical imbalances

Milan systemic family therapy views the family as

A collection of individuals

Unaffected by interactions

A system that aims to maintain balance

Independent of individual members

R. K. Coyne's Group Work Grid includes the following levels of intervention

Individual, Interpersonal, Organization, Community

Placater, blamer, superreasonable, irrelevant

Forming, storming, norming, performing

Initial, transition, working, termination

Which group counseling technique is used to connect the thoughts, feelings, and comments of different group members?

Cognitive restructuring

Linking

Self-disclosure

Cohesion

REBT focuses on correcting

Irrational beliefs

Family structures

Behavioral choices

Archetypes

What is a common goal of couples counseling groups?

To provide individual diagnoses

To focus on individual past traumas

To exclude psychoeducational components

To improve communication between parents and their children

Irvin Yalom's curative factors are believed to

Cause panic attacks

Hinder group development

Promote scapegoating

Help group members grow and develop

Attribution theory explains how

Clients should act as friends with therapists

Explanations for outcomes influence future expectations

People grow into relationships

Individuals control their impulses

The phenomenon where a patient unconsciously redirects feelings from a past relationship onto the therapist is known as

Transference

Neuroplasticity

Countertransference

Self-actualization

In family dynamics, blurred personal boundaries and over-involvement in each other's lives are characteristics of

Enmeshment

Cohesion

Countertransference

Resistance

Adlerian theory emphasizes the importance of

The here and now

Social interest and family dynamics

Self-actualization

Unconscious drives

According to Alfred Adler, oldest children in a family tend to be

Pampered and independent

Dependable and achievement-oriented

Emotional and reactive

Attention-seeking

The therapeutic process of identifying, challenging, and replacing irrational thoughts is known as

Play therapy

Cognitive restructuring

Self-disclosure

Linking

Congruence in therapy, according to Carl Rogers, refers to

The therapist's expertise

The therapeutic dyad

The therapist's authenticity and genuineness

The client's ability to follow advice

In implosive therapy, a feared stimulus is

A virtual environment

A relaxing environment

The therapist's office

Any object or situation that elicits fear

Which client would likely benefit LEAST from a group process?

A client in crisis

A client with a specific mental illness

A client seeking affiliation

A client seeking non-expert feedback

In Bowenian family therapy, dysfunctional patterns are

Recurring behaviors that positively impact family functioning

Isolated incidents that do not affect the family system

Healthy communication styles

Recurring behaviors that negatively impact family functioning

Meaning attribution in group counseling involves

Focusing solely on individual experiences

The leader helping members understand group events

Ignoring emotional content

Discouraging cognitive understanding

Milieu therapy is based on the idea that

Environmental change can benefit an individual's functioning

Cognitive distortions must be directly confronted

Unconscious drives determine behavior

Past experiences are the primary influence

John Krumboltz's Learning Theory of Career Counseling is based on

Psychoanalytic theory (Sigmund Freud)

Bandura's social learning theory (Albert Bandura)

Jungian theory (Carl Jung)

Rogerian theory (Carl Rogers)

The belief that rewards are contingent on our own actions is indicative of

Internal locus of control

Relational-cultural theory

External locus of control

Self-in-relation theory

A genogram is a

Verbal communication technique

Cognitive exercise

Visual representation of family relationships

Behavior modification tool

Motivational interviewing is a technique to

Explore past traumas

Actuate client change from within

Teach assertiveness

Establish a vertical relationship

Autocratic leadership is MOST suitable when

Membership is stable

Time is limited

The group needs to discuss ideas

Group members are highly motivated

In most cases, a participatory group leader should

Remain passive

Avoid participation

Model desired behaviors

Direct group members

In structural family therapy, "enactment" involves

Family members role-playing their interactions

The therapist joining the family

Identifying irrational beliefs

The therapist mimicking the family's style

An affect-oriented approach emphasizes

Cognitive processes

Behavioral choices

Rational thinking

Emotional expression

Self-help groups are typically characterized by

Discouraging members from sharing experiences

Being led by a professional therapist

Not offering support for group members

Voluntary associations of people who share a common status

Benefits of group co-leadership include

Increased client dependence on the leader

Less role-play opportunities

Modeling behaviors

Reduced feedback for group members

Stephen Karpman's Drama Triangle involves the roles of

Victim, persecutor, and rescuer

Therapist, client, and family

Parent, adult, and child

Leader, follower, and observer

In family therapy, protective systems relate to

The preservation of childhood relationship dynamics in adulthood

Healthy child role models

The absence of anxiety in adult relationships

Mechanisms that enhance family communication

Biofeedback involves

Changing environmental factors

Analyzing early childhood relationships

Enhancing client control over their autonomic nervous system

Exploring existential anxieties

Rational emotive behavior groups are known for

A nondirective group leader

Encouraging illogical thinking

Avoiding homework assignments

A highly active and directive group leader

Projection, as a defense mechanism, is when an individual

Openly acknowledges their motives

Consciously expresses their undesirable thoughts

Unconsciously attributes their own undesirable thoughts or feelings to another person

Directly confronts their internal conflicts

Effective group counselors should be able to

Encourage members to block discussion

Help the group set goals

Know everything about every culture

Avoid managing the group

Crisis intervention is a modality meant to

Address underlying mental health disorders

Provide long-term therapy

Induce panic attacks

Address the normal process of crisis

In Rogerian therapy, unconditional positive regard refers to

The therapist focusing on the client's past

The therapist's interpretation of client experiences

The therapist directing the client's actions

The therapist being accepting of the client without judgment

James Prochaska's stages of change include

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance

Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning

Action, affect, cognition

Orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination

Social constructivist theories propose that

Knowledge is an objective truth

The environment has no impact on perception

Reality is constructed through social interactions

Individuals have an innate understanding of the world

Case integration refers to

Resistance in a group setting

The dynamics of a therapy group

Treatment involving different, non-overlapping services for a single client

The process of catharsis

Carl Jung introduced the concept of the

Collective unconscious (Archetypes)

Patient wellness

Individual unconscious

Behavioral choice

In motivational interviewing, the source of change is considered to be

External pressures

The client

The client's family

The therapist

The conscious mind contains

Information available for recall but not in present awareness

Everything the mind is not currently aware of

Unconscious drives and motivations

All of which a person is presently aware

The Gestalt counseling approach focuses on

Birth order

The here and now

Family constellation

Past experiences

According to Yalom, which of the following is a group leadership function?

Thought-stopping

Scapegoating

Emotional stimulation

Family sculpting

Bruce Tuckman's stages of group development include

Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning

Action, affect, cognition

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance

Orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination

In Gestalt therapy, unresolved emotions from the past are referred to as

Self-actualization

Transference

Unfinished business

Countertransference

In DBT, the ability to resist or delay urges is referred to as

Mindfulness

Impulse control

Distress tolerance

Emotional regulation

In group therapy with children, clinical group sizes should be

The same size as adult groups

Irrelevant to the age of the participants

Larger than adult groups

Smaller than adult groups

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a cohesive group?

Members make self-disclosures

Attacks on the group lead to greater cohesion

Members are defensive with each other

Members feel a sense of belonging

A group member who attempts to hinder the group's progress by engaging in negative and distracting behaviors is taking on a/an

Auxiliary ego role

Blocking role

Maintenance role

Facilitative role

Choice theory asserts that the most important driver of patient wellness is

Family dynamics

Behavioral choices in the present

Past experiences

Unconscious drives

Which Gestalt technique involves a client conversing with an imagined person or aspect of themselves?

Free association

Guided fantasy

Paraphrasing

Empty chair technique

A core concept of Gestalt therapy is

Focusing on the past

Improving relational competence

The psychological and physical "here and now"

Analyzing internal conflicts

In Transactional Analysis, a life script is

A therapeutic game

A series of transactions

A therapist's note

An unconscious life plan formed in childhood

Which of Yalom's curative factors involves members helping each other?

Universality

Catharsis

Imitative behavior

Altruism

The ability to maintain one's sense of self while staying emotionally connected to the family is called

Birth order

Projection

Societal regression

Self-differentiation

Rationalization, as a defense mechanism, involves

Reverting to childlike behaviors

Justifying behavior with seemingly logical reasons

Attributing one's unacceptable thoughts to others

Refusing to accept reality

Scapegoating in a group setting is when

Members express warmth and concern

The leader provides cognitive perspectives

The leader encourages emotional expression

Group members unfairly target and criticize an individual

The Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) program aligns with the principles of

Adlerian group counseling

Experiential family therapy

Psychoanalysis

Cognitive behavior therapy

Executive leadership in group counseling involves

Providing warmth and acceptance

Encouraging emotional expression

Structuring the group and guiding it towards its goals

Offering cognitive interpretations

Cognitive behavior modification involves

Exploring early childhood relationships

Replacing negative thoughts with positive ones

Focusing on family systems

Using punishment to decrease behavior

Interpersonal therapy is a treatment that focuses on

Improving interpersonal relationships

Existential anxieties

Past childhood experiences

Unconscious drives

According to the behaviorist school, which is generally more effective in altering behavior?

Ignoring the behavior

Reward

Aversive treatment

Punishment

Your score is

The average score is 67%

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